tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56709297330056106992024-03-13T15:48:22.751+02:00Astromic's BackyardAstronomy, Stargazing, Outdoor Activities, Gadgets, and DIY projects...Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.comBlogger97125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-89335113431970763082016-04-04T20:45:00.001+02:002016-04-04T23:47:22.557+02:00Amazon Offers and Promotions (NEW) - UPDATED WEEKLY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-F7sWopkPHJU/VwLgw2M-RmI/AAAAAAAACC4/_JOfUdEPEHEBLY27d4qT_Nko3bqO9LBPQ/s1600/1228116.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-F7sWopkPHJU/VwLgw2M-RmI/AAAAAAAACC4/_JOfUdEPEHEBLY27d4qT_Nko3bqO9LBPQ/s200/1228116.jpg" width="200" /></a>I have collected almost every promotion, free trials, free shipping services and offers here and will keep updating it in regular basis, weekly for now and I hope soon will do it daily. I believe if their are ways to save money as long as we all shop at Amazon, why not use it and share it here with you!!<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
#1 Join Amazon Student FREE Two-Day Shipping for College Students<iframe border="0" frameborder="0" height="250" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=asb02-20&o=1&p=12&l=ur1&category=student_usa&banner=048JV5R198MXDXRBR1R2&f=ifr&linkID=LMIE2CHMIH6VCR23" style="border: none; max-height: 600px; max-width: 900px;" width="300"></iframe>
</div>
<br />
#2 Join Amazon Kindle Unlimited 30-Day Free Trial<br />
<iframe border="0" frameborder="0" height="250" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=asb02-20&o=1&p=12&l=ur1&category=kuft&banner=07V9YHKS4HY556H67002&f=ifr&linkID=7HXSX7ELV2UONFAB" style="border: none; max-height: 600px; max-width: 900px;" width="300"></iframe></div>
<br />
#3 Huge Savings on Contract Cell Phones & Service Plans - Plus Free Shipping<iframe border="0" frameborder="0" height="250" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?t=asb02-20&o=1&p=12&l=ur1&category=wireless&banner=02HND5YJK5NEFPBWFS02&f=ifr&linkID=CA7J27VYPBFG2QCN" style="border: none; max-height: 600px; max-width: 900px;" width="300"></iframe>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-275632885889743502016-01-26T19:21:00.002+02:002016-04-04T23:50:42.901+02:00Jupiter & Moons With a Megazoom Camera<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0QwPZo8DuqI/VwLhoi72POI/AAAAAAAACDA/mGlj9F6Ka5k79_ircSzRl5NyroC4QdW9A/s1600/jupiternmoons200x.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0QwPZo8DuqI/VwLhoi72POI/AAAAAAAACDA/mGlj9F6Ka5k79_ircSzRl5NyroC4QdW9A/s200/jupiternmoons200x.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
Trying out my new mega-zoom camera, the <a href="http://amzn.to/1QoKYzl" target="_blank">Canon SX50HS</a>, its lens and features abilities are beyond what i was expecting from a non-DSLR bridge camera. Check out this test where I was aiming at Jupiter to try the stabilization efficiency.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Humidity was very high that day unfortunately, and I wasn't using a tripod, so the image quality is not very good, but I will do another test soon enough and I hope it gets me the quality I'm looking for. Maybe also I will attach it to my telescope and shoot a video and then stack it up. You can find the video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyFAQ6bizK4" target="_blank">here on YouTube</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LyFAQ6bizK4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LyFAQ6bizK4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-60531371545209516382015-12-07T03:39:00.002+02:002015-12-07T03:39:14.661+02:00Quote The First<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KawPSVSMqEw/VmTjGw-uxTI/AAAAAAAACCg/v-_ExB38j70/s1600/vbwkq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KawPSVSMqEw/VmTjGw-uxTI/AAAAAAAACCg/v-_ExB38j70/s1600/vbwkq.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-39000290387844007702013-10-17T22:34:00.000+02:002015-04-29T22:39:04.697+02:00Anatomy of Curiosity: Infographic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A detailed Infographic showing the anatomy of <a href="http://amzn.to/1GGnf71" target="_blank">Mars rover Curiosity</a> and a comparison of how much it and the the four previously launched rovers travels on the Marian ground. Infographic:<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ReZwh0v5zbk/UmBIJrTpthI/AAAAAAAAB-w/ooUPK8eUjLQ/s1600/infographic_curiosity_rover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ReZwh0v5zbk/UmBIJrTpthI/AAAAAAAAB-w/ooUPK8eUjLQ/s320/infographic_curiosity_rover.jpg" height="320" width="231" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">,, <span style="font-style: italic;">Please consider paying a visit to my </span><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there</span> ,,</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>Related Posts:</b></span><br />
<ul><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-infographic.html">International Space Station: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/waste-and-debris-in-space-infographic.html">Waste and Debris in Space: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-timeline.html">International Space Station Timeline: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/barlow-lenses-and-focal-reducers.html">Barlow Lenses and Focal Reducers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/binoculars-in-astronomy.html">Binoculars in Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/mars-one-roadmap-infographic.html">Mars One Roadmap: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="background-color: white;">Did you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</span></span></div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-52168913087112560192013-10-17T22:23:00.001+02:002013-10-17T22:34:03.408+02:00Mars One Roadmap: Infographic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Few years separates humanity from stepping on the red soil of Mars, it all started years ago when the idea of space colonization became important not only for the sake of science, but even for our own survival.<br />
<div>
It will start this year of 2013 when scientists select 40 astronauts to start their "life simulation" on Mars-Like environment base under severe and continuous observations. Infographic:<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div>
2016: Launch and landing of supplies on Mars with 2.5 Tons of food.</div>
<div>
2018: Landing of another advanced rover on Mars.</div>
<div>
2021: Installation of the first Mars base which consists of 6 modules and 2 rovers.</div>
<div>
2022: Launch of the first Marian crew chosen from the previous 40 astronauts.</div>
<div>
2023: 4 astronauts finally lands on Mars.</div>
<div>
2025: New crew lands and takes up residence in Mars One base.</div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JAW0RpHBwb4/UmBGDMuruOI/AAAAAAAAB-k/8b2VLUBpu-4/s1600/marsmssninfgr.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JAW0RpHBwb4/UmBGDMuruOI/AAAAAAAAB-k/8b2VLUBpu-4/s320/marsmssninfgr.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">,, <span style="font-style: italic;">Please consider paying a visit to my </span><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there</span> ,,</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b>Related Posts:</b><br />
</span><br />
<ul><span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-infographic.html">International Space Station: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/waste-and-debris-in-space-infographic.html">Waste and Debris in Space: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-timeline.html">International Space Station Timeline: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/barlow-lenses-and-focal-reducers.html">Barlow Lenses and Focal Reducers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/binoculars-in-astronomy.html">Binoculars in Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Did you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</span></div>
</span></div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-49297305413033137192013-10-10T18:36:00.001+02:002013-10-17T22:20:48.191+02:00Waste and Debris in Space: Infographic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Waste in Space, currently, a thick band of hovering space junk composed mainly of broken sattelite parts and discarded rocket boosters orbiting around Earth. Two ir three times a day, a satellite circling our planet narrowly misses a torrent of the orbital debris. This issue jeopardized not only current space travelers, but future mission as well. And threats to other satellites that might smash with it. Infographic:<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cgJxJvBrhFU/UlbW5mpGdII/AAAAAAAAB9s/GXJtv2jb9g8/s1600/WasteinSpaceInfgrpc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cgJxJvBrhFU/UlbW5mpGdII/AAAAAAAAB9s/GXJtv2jb9g8/s320/WasteinSpaceInfgrpc.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span">,, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Please consider paying a visit to my </span><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there</span><span class="Apple-style-span"> ,,</span></span><br />
<br />
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-infographic.html">International Space Station: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-timeline.html">International Space Station Timeline: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/barlow-lenses-and-focal-reducers.html">Barlow Lenses and Focal Reducers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/binoculars-in-astronomy.html">Binoculars in Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/low-budget-astrophotography.html">Low budget Astrophotography</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/rectangular-galaxies-new-type-or-just.html">Rectangular Galaxies, a new type or just an optical illusion</a></li>
</ul>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Did you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</span></div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-44626379707629417412013-10-10T18:18:00.001+02:002013-10-10T18:18:24.765+02:00International Space Station Timeline: Infographic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
More than twelve years in the making, the international space station is finally complete and ready to reach it's research potentials. Infographic Below:<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F94Cfc8dX9o/UlbSzodRXVI/AAAAAAAAB9g/Obh9uH7Ma1w/s1600/isstimelineifgfc.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F94Cfc8dX9o/UlbSzodRXVI/AAAAAAAAB9g/Obh9uH7Ma1w/s320/isstimelineifgfc.jpeg" width="202" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span">,, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Please consider paying a visit to my </span><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there</span><span class="Apple-style-span"> ,,</span></span><br />
<br />
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2013/10/international-space-station-infographic.html">International Space Station: Infographic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/barlow-lenses-and-focal-reducers.html">Barlow Lenses and Focal Reducers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/binoculars-in-astronomy.html">Binoculars in Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/low-budget-astrophotography.html">Low budget Astrophotography</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/rectangular-galaxies-new-type-or-just.html">Rectangular Galaxies, a new type or just an optical illusion</a></li>
</ul>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</span>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-85267904312068417712013-10-10T18:10:00.000+02:002013-10-10T18:10:02.460+02:00International Space Station: Infographic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
ISS, Which is as big as a football field and coast around $60B so far, houses six astronauts at the moment. The space station, whose weight is 350 tons, might as well be in operation until the 2020's. After the retirement of American space shuttles it will basically depends on Russian spaceships. Infographic below<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hMYCALiIBFo/UlbP_dig9QI/AAAAAAAAB9U/WL4n7SoHciw/s1600/ISSinfgrc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hMYCALiIBFo/UlbP_dig9QI/AAAAAAAAB9U/WL4n7SoHciw/s320/ISSinfgrc.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span">,, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Please consider paying a visit to my </span><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there</span><span class="Apple-style-span"> ,,</span></span><br />
<br />
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/infrared-astronomy.html">Infrared Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/barlow-lenses-and-focal-reducers.html">Barlow Lenses and Focal Reducers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/binoculars-in-astronomy.html">Binoculars in Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/low-budget-astrophotography.html">Low budget Astrophotography</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/rectangular-galaxies-new-type-or-just.html">Rectangular Galaxies, a new type or just an optical illusion</a></li>
</ul>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</span></div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-81897842654845599262013-02-27T17:38:00.000+02:002015-04-29T23:41:45.365+02:00Scarab Beetle of Ancient Egypt, mystery and use in spells<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
For the <a href="http://amzn.to/1GIEveA" target="_blank">ancient Egyptians</a> the common scarab beetle, Scarabaeus sacer, was a daily reminder of KHEPRI, the manifestation of the sun god RE in the early morning. Khepri's job was to help the rising Sun journey across the sky each day, and he is often portrayed as a beetle rolling the Sun in front of him. The Egyptians noticed that the <a href="http://amzn.to/1dukR9D" target="_blank">scarab beetles</a> rolled balls of dung along the ground, and they saw this as an analogy for the Sun moving across the sky.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
When they observed young beetles emerging from the ball of dung, it gave rise to the idea that the scarab reproduced without benefit of a mate. Actually, after fertilization the female deposited her eggs in a bit of dung and rolled it into a ball so that when they hatched, the newborns had food.<br />
Since the emergence from the dung ball was the only part of this cycle that the Egyptians saw, they assumed the beetle was somewhat like the god ATUM, who begot children without a partner.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://amzn.to/1dukJqO" target="_blank">The Greeks</a> were fascinated by the Egyptian culture and often wrote about their observations. The fifth-century Greek philosopher Horapollo from Alexandria gave an account of how the scarab beetle reproduces:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>To denote an only begotten, or generation, or a generation, or a father, or a world or a man, they delineate Scarabaeus. And they symbolize by this an only begotten, because the Scarabaeus is a creature self-produced, being unconceived by a female; for the propagation of it is unique after this manner:— when the male is desirous of procreating he takes dung of an ox, and shapes it into a spherical form like the world; he then rolls it from the hinder parts from east to west, looking himself toward the east, that he may impart to it the figure of the world (for that is borne from east to west); then, having dug a hole, the Scarabaeus deposits this ball in the earth for the space of twenty-eight days (for in so many days the moon passes through twelve signs of the zodiac). By thus remaining under the moon, the race of scarabaei is imbued with life; and upon the ninth and twentieth day after having opened the ball, it casts it into the water, for it is aware that upon that day the conjunction of the moon and sun takes place, as well as the generation of the world</i>. Horapollo, Book 1, X..</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BDPnbiApRQU/US4lXEy_TrI/AAAAAAAAB18/e6lq2mrIlWM/s1600/sc0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BDPnbiApRQU/US4lXEy_TrI/AAAAAAAAB18/e6lq2mrIlWM/s200/sc0.jpg" height="131" width="200" /></a></div>
For thousands of years scarab AMULETS were carved in Egypt. It was believed that wearing a scarab amulet brought protection and a long life. It was actually a pun, for the word kheper in hieroglyphs means both "scarab" and "to exist." Egyptians wore scarabs as protection from harm and evil, they sometimes carved the name of a pharaoh because the pharaoh was under the protection of all the gods. A scarab with the name of Thutmose III was a favorite. One of the five names of the pharaoh (see KINGSHIP AND THE GODS), (Men-Kheper-Re), as Thutmose was also called, was so popular that scarabs with the name Men-Kheper-Re were being produced a thousand years after Thutmose's death.<br />
<br />
Sometimes scarabs had popular inscriptions such as "Amun-Re is behind you, there is no fear," or "A mother is a truly good thing." There is even an inscription that reads "Have a good day." Whatever the message, it was meant to bring protection to the wearer. Not all scarab amulets were protective. Royal commemorative scarabs were issued to celebrate events and to send messages about the power of the pharaoh. Usually large, sometimes nine inches long, they were carved on the bottom with details of the event. These scarabs were sent like proclamations to rulers of foreign countries and to high Egyptian court officials. The most famous commemorative scarabs are those of Amenhotep III (1479–1425 B.C.). These scarabs celebrated five major events: a wild bull hunt; a lion hunt; the arrival of one of his minor wives, a princess from the land of Mitanni; the construction of a pleasure lake for Queen Tiye; and the marriage of Amenhotep III and Tiye. The scarab was also crucial in Egyptian funerary rites.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ydga2nyedhc/US4lzu8fOII/AAAAAAAAB2M/AvL_5pW8IZI/s1600/sc2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ydga2nyedhc/US4lzu8fOII/AAAAAAAAB2M/AvL_5pW8IZI/s320/sc2.jpg" height="258" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">An ancient scarab amulet</span></div>
<br />
Starting in the Middle Kingdom and continuing into the Ptolemaic period, scarabs were used to protect the heart of the mummy. When the deceased entered the Netherworld, he or she was judged and his or her heart was weighed against the feather of truth. Heart scarabs, usually carved in stone and about four inches long, were inscribed with a magical spell on the bottom designed to keep the heart quiet during judgment. It was feared that the heart might speak out against its owner and testify against him or her! This is why part of the spell reads:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>O heart of my mother, O heart of my mother. Do not stand against me as a witness. Do not outweigh me before the keeper of the balance.</i> Book of the Dead, spell 30B</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M1wwt1f6RFw/US4lf4CpRVI/AAAAAAAAB2E/PhNzpq1B7cM/s1600/sc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M1wwt1f6RFw/US4lf4CpRVI/AAAAAAAAB2E/PhNzpq1B7cM/s200/sc1.jpg" height="177" width="200" /></a></div>
The heart scarab of the Middle Kingdom mummy of Wah was solid silver. On the top, Wah's name and titles were inlaid with gold. On the bottom was an ankh sign with a few other hieroglyphs. Before the heart scarab was buried with Wah, the eyes and mouth of the scarab were destroyed so that if the scarab magically came to life, it could not harm its owner.<br />
<br />
Scarab beetles were an essential ingredient in various magical potions. One spell in the Leiden-London magical PAPYRUS includes a complex set of instructions to make a woman fall in love with the magician. In part the instructions read: When the Sun rises, the magician dressed in a magic cape, with palm fibers masking his face, catches a "fish-face" scarab, and as the Sun rose in the sky, he recited the following magical spell seven times:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Thou are this scarab of real lapis-lazuli, I have taken thee out of the door of my temple thou carriest [?] ... of bronze to thy nose [?], that can eat [?] the herbage that is trampled [?], the field-plants [?] that are injured for the great images of the men of Egypt. I dispatch thee to N. born of N. to strike her from her heart to her belly, to her entrails, to her womb; for she it is hath wept [?] before the Sun in the morning, she saying to the Sun, 'Come not forth,' to the Moon, 'Rise not,' to the water, 'Come not to the men of Egypt,' to the fields, 'Grow not green,' and to the great trees of the men of Egypt, 'Flourish not,' I dispatch thee to N. born of N. to injure her from her heart unto her belly, unto her entrails, unto her womb, and she shall put herself on the road [?] after N. born of N. at every time [?]</i> </blockquote>
The scarab beetle then was drowned in the milk of a black cow and left until evening, when more spells were chanted. This was followed by several complicated rituals that ended when the resulting potion containing the dead scarab was dropped into a beaker of wine and given to the person whom the magician hoped would fall in love. Sometimes scarab beetles were mummified, so it is almost certain that they were sacred to the Egyptians. Their magical powers can be assumed from several of their uses: parts of the body and the wings were used to make an ointment for stiff joints; the wing cases were used in an unguent to facilitate childbirth; and evil spells were undone when a large beetle was beheaded, its wings removed, and body burned.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RSwfoyW7ABA/US4l1hh1GEI/AAAAAAAAB2U/HyD87sAe0xA/s1600/sc3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RSwfoyW7ABA/US4l1hh1GEI/AAAAAAAAB2U/HyD87sAe0xA/s320/sc3.gif" height="209" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Cartouche or "Khartoush" is the royal stamp resemble the king name </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">at the back of scarab shaped amulets.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">some of these scarabs found inside the tombs were rumored of having the spell </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">of "guards" protecting the king's mummy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span">,, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Please consider paying a visit to my </span><a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there</span><span class="Apple-style-span"> ,,</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/09/language-of-ancient-egyptians.html">Language of the Ancient Egyptians</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/05/pyramid-texts.html">The Pyramid Texts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-88210363809093526872013-02-13T21:28:00.000+02:002013-10-10T18:10:11.829+02:00Refractor or Reflector, for Deep Sky Photography<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hjtb9nsE8BA/URvoJIIFeDI/AAAAAAAAB0s/kPPZj6AdUGE/s1600/ast0.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hjtb9nsE8BA/URvoJIIFeDI/AAAAAAAAB0s/kPPZj6AdUGE/s200/ast0.JPG" width="99" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If you target for faint deep sky imaging, then you will need a very good quality optics, and these come in two main designs, refractors and reflectors. Refractors are the ones with the main objective lens at the front, reflectors counts on a big light-collecting mirror and come in several different configurations. So here's your first big decision, refractor or reflector, and what size?</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Also these telescopes seem to come with a variety of different types of mounting and controls systems, Altazimuth, Equatorial and the newer "Goto" system. Which do you choose? Unfortunately these are very difficult questions from the start.!</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Modern day refractors are beautiful and durable instruments, especially those with multi-element lenses that are designed to cut down chromatic aberration. These refractors are often referred to as "apochromatic", but the point is, by using different glasses in the multi-element lenses, the splitting up of light into its constituent colors (just as light does in passing through a glass prism) is minimized. If the refractor is to be your main imaging telescope you will need the more expensive three-element apochromat in order to eradicate "blue halos" around bright stars and "star bloating". If your telescope only had one type of glass in its construction, then it would split the light up into its constituent colors as it passed through the optical system, and finally the different colors would be focused in slightly different positions at the eyepiece end. There are filters you can use to cut down these unwanted effects, and these are usually referred to as "fringe-killers". These filters cut down the blue and infrared wavelengths passing through your refractor minimizing the blue halos, and the bloated (oversize) stars caused mainly by the near infrared radiation your CCD camera will be sensitive to. Since your CCD camera is invariably based on Silicon technology, it will detect radiation up to near 1 micron (10-6 m) in wavelength. Very deep red extends to around 0.695 microns, so the CCD is sensitive well beyond the eye's visible wavelength limit and it extends your detection limits to the near infrared. The filter may sound like a good way of turning a “cheap” refractor into an effective apochromat for imaging purposes, but of course there is a catch.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By severely attenuating any blue transmission you will find that your CCD simply cannot detect certain reflection nebulae such as the Iris nebula in Cepheus, or the reflection nebulae near the Horse-head nebula in Orion. By effectively cutting out the blue transmission you will also find that you cannot detect the faint clouds of nebulae around the Pleiades (seven sisters, Subaru, or Messier 45) either. So I'm afraid you can't cheat here and it is not possible to turn a sow's ear into a silk purse by this approach. However, there really is one way you can win!. but it is worth introducing H-alpha filters at this point. If you are forced to image in a heavily light polluted area, you will be forced to go down this route anyway, and these filters also allow you to image when the Moon is creating a lot of sky-glow. A hydrogen alpha or H-alpha filter only allows through a very narrow range of light wavelengths in the red region of the visible spectrum. This narrow range of wavelengths corresponds to the emission of hydrogen atoms in most of the large emission nebulae we image.</div>
<center>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=astromicbackyard_store-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=0387713522" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe></center>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Moonlight, being reflected sunlight, means there will be some light at the H-alpha wavelengths present, but the filter bandwidth is so narrow that the amount of H-alpha that gets through from Moonlight is very small indeed, and of course all the other wavelengths are very severely attenuated. An H-alpha filter therefore means we can image emission nebulae (and other objects, like stars) in poor visibility skies caused either by light pollution or Moon glow. There is an added bonus. Since only one very narrow band of wavelengths is getting through the H-alpha filter we can now use our “cheap” refractor for very effective imaging! All the other wavelengths that would have been focused at different distances from the eyepiece, forming an out-of-focus image, are gone. We can get nice, pin-sharp, H-alpha images from the night sky with relatively cheap equipment, and with light pollution or Moonlight present. Sounds too good to be true, so what's the catch? The catch is the same as for the fringe-killer filter, but far more extreme. Instead of not being able to image just the blue region of the spectrum, now you cannot image any part of the spectrum, with the exception of a tiny band of wavelengths in the red. You cannot therefore take those pretty full-color images of the night sky with just an H-alpha filter, but you can take very dramatic monochrome images, and it is easy to convert these into (red) color images with image processing software that is readily available including <a href="http://www.prodigitalsoftware.com/Astronomy_Tools_For_Full_Version.html" target="_blank">Noel Carboni's astronomy tools for Photoshop</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I deviated a little from the most direct course there, but I felt it was necessary to point out some of the options, and the compromises, at this very important initial decision-making stage. So if your main imaging system is to be a refractor, I am implying that you need to buy a good quality apochromat if your aim is to take those pretty full color images you see in the astronomy magazines. A refractor has other advantages too over the alternative types of telescope. Since a refractor has no obstructing objects in the optical path, a refractor will give you better image contrast than a reflector; this is more important for planetary observation and imaging rather than for deep-sky work. The way a refractor is constructed also means that it tends to hold its alignment (of its optical elements) better than the reflectors, which means that (unlike with reflectors) you do not need to worry about collimation. Refractors also have disadvantages of course compared to reflecting telescopes. Depending on the region of sky you are working in, the eyepiece may be very awkward to get to, this is important only if you wish to view through the system, and it is totally irrelevant if you only want to image.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However, if you want to both image, and occasionally view through your telescope, then this hindrance is worth bearing in mind. Light-grabbing power is all about aperture, which is down to the diameter of the objective lens in your refractor, or the diameter of the main primary mirror in your reflector. Per inch of aperture, the refractor is the most expensive telescope you can buy, especially so if we are considering apochromats. I have seen very good imaging work carried out with refractors of just 90mm (3.5 inch) aperture, but personally I would put this at the very minimum you should consider for serious imaging purposes. However, you also need to consider portability if you do not have the luxury of a permanent-base imaging site, so a large 6-inch refractor may not be feasible for your particular requirements, but as mentioned earlier, aperture is everything (provided the quality is there) so you would want the largest aperture apochromatic refractor you can afford, or carry. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One last little detail before we move on to consider reflectors specifically, and that is auto-guiding If we want to take individual images with an exposure time in the order of minutes, then not only do we need to be equatorial mounted and polar aligned, of which more later, but we will also need to guide our main imaging scope by optically locking on to a guide star somewhere in the image we are taking, and then moving the imaging scope so that the guide star remains fixed in the field of view. There are three main ways this can be achieved. You may either need a second CCD camera to act as the guide star detector, or there are some CCD cameras that allow you to both image, and have a separate area for the auto-guiding function. If we consider the separate CCD camera first, then this needs to also see the same region of sky as the main imaging CCD, and this can be achieved in one of two ways. Either, the auto-guiding CCD is connected to a separate guide scope, or you can fit what is called an "off axis guider" in the eyepiece position of the telescope which allows you to fit the main imaging CCD in-line with the telescope, and the auto-guiding CCD at 90 degrees to the imaging CCD. Light is "split off" from the main light path to the imaging CCD by a prism that re-directs a small portion of the light to the auto-guiding CCD.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If you are using a separate guide scope then it is clear that this must be rigidly mounted like the main imaging scope so that both track the sky in the same manner, this can turn out to be very much harder than it sounds. The third option is to use a CCD that combines both an imager chip and a guider chip in the one integrated package. I personally have no experience of using combined imaging/auto-guiding CCD cameras but mention them here that for completeness and note that they do seem to operate very well. The only negative aspect I can see in having a combined imaging/guiding CCD is when you are imaging in H-alpha, or using narrow-band filters. Under these conditions you severely limit the number of photons reaching the CCD, including the guider, and this means you may need very long integration times to see an appropriate guide star. Such long integration times will generally lead to poorer auto-guiding.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
References: Making Beautiful Deep-Sky Images: Astrophotography with Affordable Equipment and Software (Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">,, </span>Please consider paying a visit to my <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"> ,,</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/infrared-astronomy.html">Infrared Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/barlow-lenses-and-focal-reducers.html">Barlow Lenses and Focal Reducers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/binoculars-in-astronomy.html">Binoculars in Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/low-budget-astrophotography.html">Low budget Astrophotography</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/rectangular-galaxies-new-type-or-just.html">Rectangular Galaxies, a new type or just an optical illusion</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-67522915914430149362013-02-08T18:33:00.001+02:002016-02-24T22:16:48.865+02:00Sir Isaac Newton, The big idea<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f7qORszNG9Q/URUWRYHxm5I/AAAAAAAABxk/daPxwFI0hjY/s1600/sirnewt0.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f7qORszNG9Q/URUWRYHxm5I/AAAAAAAABxk/daPxwFI0hjY/s200/sirnewt0.JPG" width="138" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sir <a href="http://amzn.to/1JTFhmx" target="_blank">Isaac Newton</a>, an English physicist who created the foundations of modern-day classical mechanics. The core of this was his representation of universal gravitation and explains the existing three laws of motion, which he brought together under a single theory system.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This achievement allowed Newton to demonstrate that the motions of celestial bodies were controlled by a single set of universal laws, radically shifting scientific thought away from heliocentrism - the idea of the Sun being at the center of the whole universe - and setting the foundations for <a href="http://amzn.to/1JTGZUV" target="_blank">Einstein's</a> upcoming theories of general and special relativity over 200 years later.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Newton was born on 4 January 1643 in Lincolnshire, England. He attended the King's School in Grantham, Lincolnshire, from the age of 12 and later, in 1661, was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in a work-study position. Cambridge at the time was still basing much of its scientific and mathematical teachings on Aristotle, however due to Newton's widespread reading of many modern thinkers, the university was slowly introducing the ideas of Descartes, Kepler and Galileo. He left Cambridge in 1665 with a degree and spent the next two years formulating his theories on calculus, optics and gravitation. Following this work, Newton became increasingly interested in optics, with him lecturing on the subject between 1670 and 1672. It was during this period that he developed the Newtonian telescope (the world's first functional reflecting specimen), which he presented to the Royal Society alongside an investigation into the refraction of light. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ntz5BmPkjro/URUWrSJ_Q9I/AAAAAAAABxs/77R59aYEOlw/s1600/sirnewt1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ntz5BmPkjro/URUWrSJ_Q9I/AAAAAAAABxs/77R59aYEOlw/s1600/sirnewt1.JPG" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The big idea,,</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Newton's 1687 <a href="http://amzn.to/1J9TU4Z" target="_blank">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> laid out much of today's classical mechanics, but arguably its most important theory was that of universal gravitation. Newton's law states that any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them. This notion drew together the logically independent laws of motion set out by Johannes Kepler decades before, which since his death had been accepted but not related to causality, and led to an accurate – even by modern standards – description of how planets, moons and comets move through space. Newton's law has since been succeeded by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, which allows systems to be described with far greater accuracy – especially when they are very large.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div align="left">
He proceeded to conduct much work into the nature and properties of light over the next 30 years, which would culminate in the publication of his 1704 text Opticks. Prior to that, in 1687, Newton published his groundbreaking book <a href="http://amzn.to/1J9TU4Z" target="_blank">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> (ie Mathematical Principles Of Natural Philosophy) – which outlined his laws of motion, universal gravitation and a derivation of Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Even though Newton's genius had been noted prior to the publication of this seminal text, its success established him within the wider scientific society. Indeed, as a result of this work, he would not only be welcomed into the Royal Society, but also knighted by Queen Anne – only the second scientist to have been awarded the title at this time.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>"Newton developed the <a href="http://amzn.to/1zenLJj" target="_blank">Newtonian telescope</a> (the world's first functional reflecting specimen), which he presented to the Royal Society", More pictures below</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NAiW6xkkP64/URUl7tuwoII/AAAAAAAABzQ/u0iFk3WSszc/s1600/sirnewt5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NAiW6xkkP64/URUl7tuwoII/AAAAAAAABzQ/u0iFk3WSszc/s200/sirnewt5.JPG" width="149" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ITLuoduD44Y/URUmRqcDSoI/AAAAAAAABzY/IQcmbmHtSmY/s1600/sirnewt6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ITLuoduD44Y/URUmRqcDSoI/AAAAAAAABzY/IQcmbmHtSmY/s200/sirnewt6.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">Isaac Newton's sketches for a reflecting telescope and its component parts.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cCdiajbynCE/URUmUvYBqSI/AAAAAAAABzg/W5CJHaLXbcg/s1600/sirnewt7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cCdiajbynCE/URUmUvYBqSI/AAAAAAAABzg/W5CJHaLXbcg/s200/sirnewt7.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">A fold-out page from Isaac Newton's 1672 "An Account of a New Kind of Telescope, invented by Mr. Isaac Newton" (photo by Christine Latulippe).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Following a wider print run and subsequent editions, Newton acquired a keen circle of admirers including Edmond Halley and Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. In his later life Newton continued his work in mathematics, astronomy and optics, however also took up the post of warden and then master of the Royal Mint, where he oversaw a great re-coining of the nation's currency. In addition, in 1703 Newton was elected president of the Royal Society and an associate of the French Académie des Sciences. Newton died in his sleep in London on 31 March 1727.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nEGbTRgb9Og/URUYsJFAcpI/AAAAAAAABx4/Gu49bNqw_ik/s1600/sirnewt2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nEGbTRgb9Og/URUYsJFAcpI/AAAAAAAABx4/Gu49bNqw_ik/s320/sirnewt2.JPG" width="256" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">Newton exploring the properties and nature of light.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Walking on his footsteps, William Whiston was a pupil of Newton's and, following his departure, succeeded him as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He is best known today for his work with Roger Cotes on comets.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Also did Albert Einstein; Newton's theory of universal gravitation and codification of classical mechanics formed the basis of Einstein's thinking on astrophysics, allowing him to formulate his famous theories of general and special relativity.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LujajN49gZE/URUeWNVAQiI/AAAAAAAABzA/e7Wtj4j3bRI/s1600/sirnewt3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LujajN49gZE/URUeWNVAQiI/AAAAAAAABzA/e7Wtj4j3bRI/s320/sirnewt3.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15.828125px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #666666;">Personal coat of arms of Sir Isaac Newton.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bmk0kj4yCFg/URUf1fP8e1I/AAAAAAAABzI/pK9WueLF7cc/s1600/sirnewt4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bmk0kj4yCFg/URUf1fP8e1I/AAAAAAAABzI/pK9WueLF7cc/s200/sirnewt4.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Some facts on the life and times of Sir Isaac Newton</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Despite Newton's great scientific achievements, he actually wrote more on biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than science. He was a lifelong, if unorthodox, Christian. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Newton was only the second scientist in history to be knighted - after Sir Francis Bacon -, which he was awarded in 1705. His coat of arms was a shield with two crossed shinbones. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Newton was warden of the Royal Mint during the Great Recoinage of 1696. During his time at the Royal Mint he successfully proved evidence and prosecuted 28 forgers for creating illegal currency. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. In 1704 Newton attempted to "gather" scientific information from the Bible. From what he extracted from the religious text he predicted that the end of the world (Apocalypse) would come no earlier than 2060. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. After Newton's death in 1727 his hair was found to contain high levels of mercury, indicating he had suffered mercury poisoning that might caused his death.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="float: right; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=astromicbackyard_store-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=1463721757" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Significant years in his life time</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1643</b> Isaac Newton is born on 4 January in Woolsthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire, England.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1655</b> Newton attends the King's School from the age of 12 to 17.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1661</b> He's accepted into Trinity College, Cambridge. After four years he obtains a maths degree, specializing in calculus.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1670</b> Newton takes his interest in optics and astronomy to a new level by lecturing on the subjects at Cambridge.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1672</b> Newton builds his famous reflecting telescope and presents it to the Royal Society of London.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1687</b> Newton publishes his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica after years of research into gravitation and planetary motion.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1704</b> Newton publishes (Opticks), which demonstrates how a prism can act as a beam expander and <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; white-space: nowrap;">spectrum</span> splitter.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1705</b> Newton is knighted by Queen Anne - who visits Trinity College - due to his scientific work and role as master of the Royal Mint.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1724</b> With old age and failing health Newton moves in with his niece and her husband at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1727</b> Newton dies in his sleep on 31 March. He is aged 84.<br />
<br />
<center style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=US&source=ss&ref=ss_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=asb02-20&marketplace=amazon&region=US&placement=1507890931&asins=1507890931&linkId=SWECAOUOH4DCYIIX&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=true" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe> <iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?ServiceVersion=20070822&OneJS=1&Operation=GetAdHtml&MarketPlace=US&source=ss&ref=ss_til&ad_type=product_link&tracking_id=asb02-20&marketplace=amazon&region=US&placement=B017V05QGE&asins=B017V05QGE&linkId=NLLBIRLVEFTAKTMX&show_border=false&link_opens_in_new_window=true" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;">
</iframe></center>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">,, </span>Please consider paying a visit to my <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"> ,,</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/planets-without-stars-wonders-galaxy.html">Planets Without Stars, Wanders Galaxy Alone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/hunt-for-new-planets.html">The Hunt For New Planets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-20654324748103509342013-02-08T16:57:00.002+02:002013-02-10T05:51:24.218+02:00Discovery reveals dwarf planet with no atmosphere<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M2Kioeq8bqE/URUSMwmWNcI/AAAAAAAABvY/LoIAMzeTu6I/s1600/nap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M2Kioeq8bqE/URUSMwmWNcI/AAAAAAAABvY/LoIAMzeTu6I/s200/nap.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A lately discovered dwarf planet located 4 billion miles from Earth, has been revealed to have no atmosphere,,</div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Thanks to an extremely rare stellar eclipse, where the dwarf planet "Makemake" passed in front of a random distant star, astronomers at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) could determine for the first time whether or not it had an atmosphere. </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Earlier reports had indicated it did have a very thin atmosphere similar to that found on Pluto, however after analyzing the icy mini planet - which lies in the Kuiper Belt - during the occultation (planetary eclipse), it became clear that this was not the case.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Speaking on the discovery, Dr Jose Ortiz of the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia said: "As Makemake passed in front of the star and blocked it out, the star disappeared and reappeared very suddenly, rather than fading and brightening gradually. " </span><span style="text-align: justify;">This means the little dwarf planet has no significant atmosphere. It was thought Makemake stood a good chance of having developed an atmosphere. That it has no sign of one at all shows just how much we have yet to learn about these mysterious bodies. Finding out about Makemake's properties for the first time is a big step forward in our study of the select club of icy dwarf planets.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<i style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">,, </span>Please consider paying a visit to my <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"> ,,</span></i><br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/planets-without-stars-wonders-galaxy.html">Planets Without Stars, Wanders Galaxy Alone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/hunt-for-new-planets.html">The Hunt For New Planets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-81891472242096575522012-09-21T19:10:00.004+02:002013-01-31T20:13:20.450+02:00Literacy in Ancient Egypt<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Uvd632RRhxo/UFydeHi5GhI/AAAAAAAABgg/xBzcbxczuVI/s1600/a40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="106" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Uvd632RRhxo/UFydeHi5GhI/AAAAAAAABgg/xBzcbxczuVI/s200/a40.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Most people in ancient Egypt did not know how to read and write. Since the majority of Egyptians were peasant farmers, they would not have needed to learn to read, and the complexities of the written language would have made it more difficult to learn than most alphabetic writing systems.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="text-align: justify;">Although some members of the royal family and high status individuals, as well as officials, priests, and army officers were literate, scribes were needed for operations of the state at all levels.Egyptian scribes were professionals trained in special schools in royal administrative departments and temples. Some scribes probably learned through apprenticeship, such as is known from the New Kingdom workmen’s village of Deir el-Medina. Model letters recorded by school boys, on limestone ostraca and plaster-covered wooden boards,have been found which give us information about what was taught in these schools or to apprentices in jobs. A well-known Middle Egyptian text attributed to the scribe Khetyextols the virtues of being a scribe, who will always have employment.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=019521952X" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</div>
He boasts that scribes do not have to wear rough garments like common laborers, and they can take baths. Scribes give orders and others have to obey them.Scribes were needed for the bureaucratic functions of all branches of the government and administration, including issuing the rations for government personnel and workers who depended on state resources for their livelihood.<br />
Tax collection and operations of the treasury needed to be recorded, as did organizing and supplying the personnel for expeditions outside of Egypt - for mining and quarrying, trade, and warfare. Scribes were also used for large-scale state work projects such as pyramid building. Probably the most visible evidence of writing in ancient Egypt are the hieroglyphic texts found on the walls of temples and tombs, both royal and private.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These were the work of artisans who worked with scribes and/or literate artisans. Religious and mortuary texts were written and read by scribally trained priests, and scribes were needed for the construction and operation of temples. Legal proceedings, both local and national,were recorded by scribes. Wealthy private individuals needed scribes to administer their estates and to record documents such as wills and business transactions.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
If you gain any value from my Blog, please consider supporting my work by using my Amazon Store.</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/09/language-of-ancient-egyptians.html">Language of the Ancient Egyptians</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/05/pyramid-texts.html">The Pyramid Texts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-55689797620199829382012-09-21T18:55:00.002+02:002012-09-25T01:49:36.083+02:00Language of the Ancient Egyptians<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDuDzSasu_s/UFyZZ6Qx-oI/AAAAAAAABf0/D4h671A_adw/s1600/ael0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDuDzSasu_s/UFyZZ6Qx-oI/AAAAAAAABf0/D4h671A_adw/s200/ael0.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The ancient Egyptians spoke a language which called now "Egyptian". No one exactly knows the correct pronunciation of this language, which in any event changed greatly over the course of several thousand years (as did the written language), and maybe there were regional dialects and variations in pronunciation as well.</div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="text-align: justify;">The language is known only through its various written forms, the most formal of which is the pictorial script called hieroglyphic. The Greek word "hieroglyph" literally means "sacred writing," an appropriate term for a writing system that was used on the walls of temples and tombs, and which the Egyptians themselves called the "god's words. "Linguists classify languages by placing them in families of related languages, such as the </span>Indo<span style="text-align: justify;">-European family, which includes English and many European and Asian languages.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ancient Egyptian is a branch of the language family called Afro-Asiatic(also known as "Hamito-Semitic"). Ancient languages of the Afro-Asiatic family, such as Egyptian, are known only from preserved written texts, whereas many Afro-Asiatic languages spoken in northern and eastern Africa and recorded in recent times have no earlier written form.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=0521562562" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe></div>
The Semitic languages form the most widely spoken branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, and include ancient languages such as Akkadian (an "East Semitic" language spoken and written in ancient Mesopotamia, in a script called cuneiform, which means "wedge-shaped writing"), and Hebrew (one of the "Northwest Semitic" languages of Syria and Palestine, of the 1st millennium bc). Semitic languages spoken today include Arabic and Hebrew, as well as several languages of central and northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. Other branches of the Afro-Asiatic language family include Cushitic, Berber, Chadic, and Omotic. These names relate to peoples and regions in Africa where these languages are spoken. Berber and Cushitic are geographically closest to Egypt. One of the Cushitic languages is Beja, which is spoken by nomadic peoples in the Eastern Desert, and has some close analogies to Egyptian.<br />
<br />
Although Egyptian was certainly one of the languages spoken in the lower Nile Valley in prehistoric times, the first writing of the language did not appear until about 3200 bc. The earliest known hieroglyphs appear at the same time that a large state was consolidated and controlled by the first Egyptian kings. From the beginning the writing system had a royal context, and this is probably the setting in which writing was invented in Egypt.<br />
It used to be proposed that writing was first invented in Mesopotamia and then the idea of writing diffused to Egypt. The structure,scripts, media, and uses of the two writing systems, however, are very different, and it seems more likely that writing was invented independently in both Egypt and Mesopotamia.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/05/pyramid-texts.html">The Pyramid Texts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-85701513465269898412012-09-02T05:33:00.001+02:002012-09-07T05:41:04.428+02:00Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 3: Launch Prepare & Take Off<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TfZkPImpCqU/UEKbGnwZ32I/AAAAAAAABVc/qKyf3ObnuLw/s1600/cr48.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TfZkPImpCqU/UEKbGnwZ32I/AAAAAAAABVc/qKyf3ObnuLw/s200/cr48.jpg" width="133" /></a>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On April 2004, the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) called for scientific experiments and instruments proposals for a planned Mars Science Laboratory rover mission. Launch was proposed for September 2009. Eight proposals were selected, including instruments from Russia and Spain. Testing of components also began in late 2004, including Aerojet's monopropellant engine with the ability to throttle from 15–100 percent thrust with a fixed propellant inlet pressure.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ra2t01GH0qY/UEKdHZJaK1I/AAAAAAAABVk/wFC3f-9bXAg/s1600/cr49.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ra2t01GH0qY/UEKdHZJaK1I/AAAAAAAABVk/wFC3f-9bXAg/s200/cr49.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By November 2008 most hardware and software development was complete, and testing continued. At this point, cost overruns were approximately $400 million. On Decemer 2008, lift-off delayed to November 2011 due to insufficient time for testing and integration. Between March 23–29, 2009, the general public ranked nine finalist rover names (Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder, and Curiosity) through a public poll on the NASA website. On May 27, 2009, the winning name was announced to be Curiosity. The name had been submitted in an essay contest by Clara Ma, a then sixth-grader from Kansas.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-st3rhiT-AU0/UEKd7JiRVQI/AAAAAAAABVs/5QPv7ocQHSQ/s1600/cr50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-st3rhiT-AU0/UEKd7JiRVQI/AAAAAAAABVs/5QPv7ocQHSQ/s320/cr50.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Left) In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, preparations are under way to enclose NASA's Mars Science Laboratory in an Atlas V rocket payload fairing. The blocks on the interior of the fairing are components of the fairing acoustic protection (FAP) system, designed to protect the payload by dampening the sound created by the rocket during liftoff. The two halves of the fairing will come together, protecting the spacecraft from the impact of aerodynamic pressure and heating during ascent. (NASA/Jim Grossmann).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JxLf4YoKHcc/UEKer5AFqYI/AAAAAAAABV0/_DKL70ZITY8/s1600/cr51.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JxLf4YoKHcc/UEKer5AFqYI/AAAAAAAABV0/_DKL70ZITY8/s320/cr51.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Left) The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission logo begins to take shape as technicians install it on the exterior of an Atlas V rocket's payload fairing inside the Payload Hazardous Processing Facility in Florida, on October 29, 2011. (NASA/Jim Grossmann).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PqqGzTNedCE/UEKfLKR4P5I/AAAAAAAABV8/oD8MAm66kD8/s1600/cr52.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PqqGzTNedCE/UEKfLKR4P5I/AAAAAAAABV8/oD8MAm66kD8/s320/cr52.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) On October 10, 2011, at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the fairing acoustic protection (FAP) system lines the inside of the Atlas V payload fairing (the outer shell that will sit atop the rocket), for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission. This half of the fairing has been uncovered and laid on its side during preparations to clean it to meet NASA's planetary protection requirements. The FAP protects the payload by dampening the sound created by the rocket during liftoff. The fairing will protect the spacecraft from the impact of aerodynamic pressure and heating during ascent. Although jettisoned once the spacecraft is outside the Earth's atmosphere, the fairing must be cleaned to the same exacting standards as the laboratory to avoid the possibility of contaminating it. (NASA/Kim Shiflett).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7B0Js9mbRII/UEKgVeYKQtI/AAAAAAAABWE/O9qJXNw4AUE/s1600/cr53.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7B0Js9mbRII/UEKgVeYKQtI/AAAAAAAABWE/O9qJXNw4AUE/s320/cr53.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The payload shell is moving for attachment with the launch rocker "Atlas V".</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uDj0U5AGo1E/UEKhm0FB5CI/AAAAAAAABWM/-O_eMkCR5os/s1600/cr54.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uDj0U5AGo1E/UEKhm0FB5CI/AAAAAAAABWM/-O_eMkCR5os/s320/cr54.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Standing atop a payload transporter on November 3, 2011, the Atlas V payload fairing containing NASA's Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft rolls down a darkened roadway during the early morning move from Kennedy Space Center's Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility to Space Launch Complex 41.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(NASA/Kim Shiflett).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gELhdcP_7F8/UEKi4O8q6_I/AAAAAAAABWU/HI0G2ZhGsAg/s1600/cr55.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gELhdcP_7F8/UEKi4O8q6_I/AAAAAAAABWU/HI0G2ZhGsAg/s320/cr55.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KJX5-suO6W8/UEKi5srsBRI/AAAAAAAABWc/xJoYF_mMtVY/s1600/cr56.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KJX5-suO6W8/UEKi5srsBRI/AAAAAAAABWc/xJoYF_mMtVY/s320/cr56.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The Mars Science Laboratory, and accompanying Atlas V rocket, is hoisted into place at Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. (Kim Shiflett / NASA)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AfZCY28w10U/UEKmbpbQJiI/AAAAAAAABXE/YyueKl3jNJE/s1600/cr57.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="119" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AfZCY28w10U/UEKmbpbQJiI/AAAAAAAABXE/YyueKl3jNJE/s320/cr57.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) A sequence of photos, showing the encapsulated spacecraft being lifted onto the rocket, you can see a dangling white hose attached toward the top of the fairing. That will also carry conditioned air, which will cool the spacecraft and also maintain positive air pressure inside the fairing, preventing microbes and contamination from Florida's moist air from reaching the spacecraft. NASA / Kim Shiflett. Credit: Emily Lakdawalla - <a href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs">The Planetary Society Blog</a>.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mFPspUnUOyU/UEKtg3fkBWI/AAAAAAAABYc/uNfKRIfF6DE/s1600/cr58.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mFPspUnUOyU/UEKtg3fkBWI/AAAAAAAABYc/uNfKRIfF6DE/s320/cr58.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Left) CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - A crane is attached to the first stage of the Atlas V rocket for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission upon its arrival at the Vertical Integration Facility at Space Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. A United Launch Alliance Atlas V, in the 541 configuration with four solid rocket boosters attached. Image Credit: NASA/Cory Huston. <a href="http://www.redorbit.com/">Source</a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V_P2QbrbxMw/UEKxKzDZOeI/AAAAAAAABZI/orUMtBDebLI/s1600/cr59.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V_P2QbrbxMw/UEKxKzDZOeI/AAAAAAAABZI/orUMtBDebLI/s320/cr59.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(Left)</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span>CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - At the Vertical Integration Facility at Space Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, technicians use a lifting device to elevate a solid rocket motor (SRM) into an upright position for mating to a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket which carried NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission Curiosity into space. Image Credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis. <a href="http://www.redorbit.com/">Source</a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GKyTYJffIA4/UEKyE-iYcGI/AAAAAAAABZQ/M6yRjCeEGpw/s1600/cr60.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GKyTYJffIA4/UEKyE-iYcGI/AAAAAAAABZQ/M6yRjCeEGpw/s320/cr60.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>Inside the Vertical Integration Facility at Space Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, technicians using an overhead crane guide the final solid rocket motor into position for mating to the first stage of a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The Atlas V is the selected rocket carried NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission into space. (NASA/Jim Grossmann).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-etV7b5dXDHM/UEK0ACIrsAI/AAAAAAAABZY/RJ2yv2-3i58/s1600/cr61.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-etV7b5dXDHM/UEK0ACIrsAI/AAAAAAAABZY/RJ2yv2-3i58/s320/cr61.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>The "Launch Vehicle" provides the velocity needed by a spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity and set it on its course for Mars. When mission planners are considering different launch vehicles, what they take into consideration is how much mass each launch vehicle can lift into space. A two-stage Atlas V-541 launch vehicle chosen to lift the Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. The vehicle was provided by United Launch Alliance, a joint venture of Boeing Co. and Lockheed Martin Corp.The Atlas V-541 vehicle was selected for the Mars Science Laboratory mission because it has the right liftoff capability for the heavy weight requirements and rockets in the same family have successfully lifted NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and New Horizons missions.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Atlas V rockets are expendable launch vehicles (ELVs), which means they are only used once. The three numbers in the 541 designation signify a payload fairing, or nose cone, that is approximately 5 meters (16.4 feet) in diameter; four solid-rocket boosters fastened alongside the central common core booster; and a one-engine Centaur upper stage. The total length of the launch rocket was 191 feet (58 meters), the mass, fully fueled, with spacecraft on top was 1.17 million pounds (531,000 kilograms). Credit: <a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA JPL</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jGCTWGLwZ2I/UEK2dMWcrSI/AAAAAAAABaE/1Q_LHcW74r4/s1600/cr62.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jGCTWGLwZ2I/UEK2dMWcrSI/AAAAAAAABaE/1Q_LHcW74r4/s320/cr62.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(Left)</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span>The Atlas V rocket is illuminated inside the Vertical Integration Facility at Space Launch Complex 41, where employees have gathered to hoist one of the final pieces to be integrated - the spacecraft's multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG). The generator was lifted up to the top of the rocket and installed on the MSL spacecraft, encapsulated within the payload fairing. The MMRTG will generate the power needed for the mission from the natural decay of plutonium-238, a non-weapons-grade form of the radioisotope. (NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fjgke1m2zeQ/UELEf8DRurI/AAAAAAAABcA/KC3AjN1lEbM/s1600/cr64a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fjgke1m2zeQ/UELEf8DRurI/AAAAAAAABcA/KC3AjN1lEbM/s320/cr64a.jpg" width="219" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1cyR0JiEq_I/UEK3iP5-K5I/AAAAAAAABaM/Ak1QSeqXUQg/s1600/cr63.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1cyR0JiEq_I/UEK3iP5-K5I/AAAAAAAABaM/Ak1QSeqXUQg/s320/cr63.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The rocket transported to it's liftoff position, placed right in the middle of four lightning protector towers to absorb any unexpected strike, which might cause huge loses to the vehicle and the payload.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Credit Image: <a href="http://scriptunasimages.wordpress.com/">Scriptunas Images</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EgV5LmSRK8o/UEK5nUa5CLI/AAAAAAAABaU/HCsbm7so78U/s1600/cr64.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EgV5LmSRK8o/UEK5nUa5CLI/AAAAAAAABaU/HCsbm7so78U/s320/cr64.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The rocket on it's launch pad, with loads of flags and decals - NASA logo, <span style="text-align: justify;">MSL mission logo, USA flag, Atlas logo, United Launch Alliance logo, and rocket's model (</span><span style="text-align: left;">AV-028).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Credit Image: Scriptunas Images.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WBYzhu2Ob0I/UELO47AUOMI/AAAAAAAABds/fjCvgUSgtWc/s1600/cr64b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WBYzhu2Ob0I/UELO47AUOMI/AAAAAAAABds/fjCvgUSgtWc/s320/cr64b.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Musician and NASA supporter WII.I.AM. from the Black Eyed Peas was in attendance at the launch site.Credit Image: Scriptunas Images.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vKumzCmJYqE/UEK8MjLlWTI/AAAAAAAABbA/uA4C2-DrLaI/s1600/cr65.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vKumzCmJYqE/UEK8MjLlWTI/AAAAAAAABbA/uA4C2-DrLaI/s320/cr65.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>Just seconds before liftoff, the rocket awaits the countdown sequence.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1jGBS9RYM6Q/UEK9P2Eu3LI/AAAAAAAABbI/u_yX_llXjA8/s1600/cr66.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1jGBS9RYM6Q/UEK9P2Eu3LI/AAAAAAAABbI/u_yX_llXjA8/s320/cr66.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>A photo from Chase Clark from the initial 1.6 seconds of the Atlas V rocket launch. Notice the ice on the rocket which is formed on the uninsulated LOX (liquid oxygen) tanks. The fuel inside the LH2 (liquid hydrogen) tank is held at -420 F and requires insulation because the heat transfer rate is very high (large delta T across the tank wall to ambient temperature). Information needs confirmation. Credit Image: <a href="http://stay-curious.com/">Stay-curious.com</a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TJAulsL4GzM/UELDnLrCBGI/AAAAAAAABb0/tLFD_MtUZhg/s1600/cr67.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TJAulsL4GzM/UELDnLrCBGI/AAAAAAAABb0/tLFD_MtUZhg/s400/cr67.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) - (Wallpaper HD HQ). And at last - the liftoff, from here the space craft holding the rover inside it's guts started the long journey toward Mars, passing through various stages of flight we will describe in picture below.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AVYqeDWd1jI/UELIjht9PMI/AAAAAAAABc0/rLBwNwgpWaI/s1600/cr67a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AVYqeDWd1jI/UELIjht9PMI/AAAAAAAABc0/rLBwNwgpWaI/s320/cr67a.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>NASA's Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover blasts off on Nov. 26, 2011. NASA's 1 ton Curiosity Mars rover soars skyward lift bound for Mars atop the United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket at Space Launch Complex 41 on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 10:02 a.m. EST on Nov. 26.Credit: Alan Walters/awaltersphoto.com</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gSCGhTJOA9A/UELHmYF5H8I/AAAAAAAABcs/CgvfvDga1h8/s1600/cr68.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gSCGhTJOA9A/UELHmYF5H8I/AAAAAAAABcs/CgvfvDga1h8/s320/cr68.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket carrying NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover lifts off from Launch Complex 41at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida, on November 26, 2011. (AP Photo/Terry Renna).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-itXy1bJCkS0/UELJgTTP2CI/AAAAAAAABc8/jUmrBB3Ah8o/s1600/cr69.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-itXy1bJCkS0/UELJgTTP2CI/AAAAAAAABc8/jUmrBB3Ah8o/s320/cr69.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>Curiosity Mars rover launch lifting it's rig. Credit: Mike Deep/David Gonzales</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kgb5Tvhzcbc/UELKCg6mIGI/AAAAAAAABdE/-vpTpfJ5V30/s1600/cr70.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kgb5Tvhzcbc/UELKCg6mIGI/AAAAAAAABdE/-vpTpfJ5V30/s320/cr70.jpg" width="214" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket blasts off from Space Launch Complex-41 at 10:02 p.m. EST with NASA’s Mars Science Lab rover Curiosity. Credit: Pat Corkery/ULA</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sxmYROyJqwc/UELLThULKWI/AAAAAAAABdM/Vo0BH4rFLCk/s1600/cr71.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sxmYROyJqwc/UELLThULKWI/AAAAAAAABdM/Vo0BH4rFLCk/s320/cr71.jpg" width="230" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(Left)</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span>At NASA Kennedy Space Center's Press Site in Florida, participants in NASA's Tweetup photograph the launch of the agency's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) as it races through the clouds. The 197-foot-tall United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket lifted off Space Launch Complex-41 on neighboring Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at 10:02 a.m. EST at the opening of the launch window. (NASA/Frankie Martin)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oV5RjSuLOkM/UELL9QScb4I/AAAAAAAABdU/lcnetTNWM80/s1600/cr72.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oV5RjSuLOkM/UELL9QScb4I/AAAAAAAABdU/lcnetTNWM80/s320/cr72.jpg" width="278" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(Left)</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span>CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATAION, Fla. - Atlas V evolved expendable launch vehicle carries NASA's rover from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Nov. 26 Author U.S. Air Force photo/George Roberts.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xyq6FcqjRrM/UELNo_SCI6I/AAAAAAAABdk/7_p9RTdGRlA/s1600/cr72a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xyq6FcqjRrM/UELNo_SCI6I/AAAAAAAABdk/7_p9RTdGRlA/s320/cr72a.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>The author of this picture "exposed" for the flame, which provided for a different look showing the details of the flame and the glint off of the rocket. Credit Image: <a href="http://scriptunasimages.wordpress.com/">ScriptunasImages</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ItyFohRJc2Y/UELPzo3Z4II/AAAAAAAABd0/mg1CSwNyvY8/s1600/cr74.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ItyFohRJc2Y/UELPzo3Z4II/AAAAAAAABd0/mg1CSwNyvY8/s320/cr74.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(</span><span style="text-align: justify;">Right</span><span style="text-align: justify;">) </span>Zooming on the rocket to show the burnout and jettison of the 4 Solid Rocket Motors as it already left Earth atmosphere.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GNCRiowN06E/UELNHyf-rII/AAAAAAAABdc/LXH34uHc1cI/s1600/cr73.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GNCRiowN06E/UELNHyf-rII/AAAAAAAABdc/LXH34uHc1cI/s320/cr73.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Launch sequence of Mars Science Laboratory. Credit: NASA</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3bq1FeHCpWs/UELSPfrdrmI/AAAAAAAABd8/hMMdZlUsDzM/s1600/cr75.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3bq1FeHCpWs/UELSPfrdrmI/AAAAAAAABd8/hMMdZlUsDzM/s320/cr75.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Another detailed infographic image showing the launch Sequence's Key events.<br />
Credit Image: NASA<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
End of Part 3..
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/curiosity-mission-in-pictures-before.html">Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 1: The Build</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/09/curiosity-mission-in-pictures-part-2.html">Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 2: The Build</a>
</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/rectangular-galaxies-new-type-or-just.html">Rectangular Galaxies, a new type or just an optical illusion</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/eyepieces-for-telescope.html">Eyepieces for Telescope</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/12/what-are-types-of-galaxies.html">What are the types of galaxies</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/inception-lucid-dreaming-easy-way.html">Inception Lucid Dreaming, The Easy Way</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i>Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-52502287465056972012-09-01T22:59:00.005+02:002013-01-22T02:40:58.018+02:00Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 2: The Build & Launch Prepare<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zCymAkIaxVg/UEJdlCYOyFI/AAAAAAAABP4/1b8O4LprInw/s1600/cr24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zCymAkIaxVg/UEJdlCYOyFI/AAAAAAAABP4/1b8O4LprInw/s200/cr24.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mars Science Laboratory Mission's Curiosity Rover (Right) This stereoscopic anaglyph image was created from a left and right stereo pair of images of the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, Curiosity. The scene appears three dimensional when viewed through red-blue glasses with the red lens on the left. The image was taken May 26, 2011, in Spacecraft Assembly Facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The mission is scheduled to launch during the period Nov. 26 to Dec. 18, 2011, and land the rover Curiosity on Mars in August 2012. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-77cRfjcXvIc/UEJfaPvC3sI/AAAAAAAABQA/oXMGkookk2w/s1600/cr25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-77cRfjcXvIc/UEJfaPvC3sI/AAAAAAAABQA/oXMGkookk2w/s320/cr25.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
(Right) HQ image of the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI), it is a downward-looking camera which took about 4 frames per second at nearly 1,600 by 1,200 pixels per frame resolution for about the final two minutes before Curiosity touches down on Mars last August 2012.<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, Calif., supplied MARDI and two other camera instruments for the mission. A pocket swissknife provides scale for the image.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xI6BDOy-ZLQ/UEJhslDzZOI/AAAAAAAABQI/9Zmexx4mE7g/s1600/cr26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xI6BDOy-ZLQ/UEJhslDzZOI/AAAAAAAABQI/9Zmexx4mE7g/s200/cr26.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Left) MARDI was included among the collection of science instruments on Phoenix to provide information about the geographic context of land forms around the landing zone. MARDI was designed and built to acquire a series of wide-angle, color images of the landing site during the final three minutes of the descent to the surface of Mars. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These images would have supplemented images taken from orbit to help scientists understand whether the landing site is representative of the rest of Mars's northern plains. The camera incorporates an innovative electronics design to enable high-quality scientific data acquisition in a very compact package. It weighs about one pound, less than any previous camera sent to Mars, and is also extremely conservative of power, using only three watts during data acquisition. Credit: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html">NASA.gov</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EOtuCLLNhlM/UEJjkx7aI_I/AAAAAAAABQQ/aC8zJzzv01Y/s1600/cr27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EOtuCLLNhlM/UEJjkx7aI_I/AAAAAAAABQQ/aC8zJzzv01Y/s320/cr27.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) Another image of The MARDI descent imager is a fixed-focus color camera affixed onto the rover's chassis, and pointed toward the ground. The camera was built to capture 4,000 raw frames, or 800 seconds of the descent.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ShUbQ-WPMx0/UEJlJqFKVRI/AAAAAAAABQY/XzAn3ht7--0/s1600/cr28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ShUbQ-WPMx0/UEJlJqFKVRI/AAAAAAAABQY/XzAn3ht7--0/s320/cr28.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Left) Just few seconds before the "touch down", this image captured by MARDI descent imager, it shows the heat shield quickly separated and thrown away to the ground as the craft dangling under the supersonic, after that the 100-pound parachute, slows down the rover and it's "crane" below 200 miles per hour until the rover descent using 21 foot long nylon tethers to the Martian surface.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XkD5JuBqe1s/UEJo4CvUS1I/AAAAAAAABRA/xYiMFV8h0H0/s1600/cr29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XkD5JuBqe1s/UEJo4CvUS1I/AAAAAAAABRA/xYiMFV8h0H0/s320/cr29.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The Sample Acquisition, Processing, & Handling (SA/SPaH) subsystem is responsible for the acquisition of rock and soil samples from the Martian surface and the processing of these samples into fine particles that are then distributed to the analytical science instruments, SAM and CheMin. The SA/SPaH subsystem is also responsible for the placement of the two contact instruments, APXS and MAHLI, on rock and soil targets. SA/SPaH consists of a Robotic Arm and turret-mounted devices on the end of the arm, which include a drill, brush, soil scoop, sample processing device, and the mechanical and electrical interfaces to the two contact science instruments.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gb5HpYzJ66c/UEJpsHUZWvI/AAAAAAAABRI/nZ5sAZjVO18/s1600/cr30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gb5HpYzJ66c/UEJpsHUZWvI/AAAAAAAABRI/nZ5sAZjVO18/s200/cr30.jpg" width="197" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) SA/SPaH also includes drill bit boxes, the Organic Check Material (OCM), and an observation tray, which are all mounted on the front of the rover, and inlet cover mechanisms that are placed over the SAM and CheMin solid sample inlet tubes on the rover top deck.Curiosity's Robotic Arm is a 5 degree-of-freedom manipulator that is used to place and hold the turret-mounted devices and instruments on rock and soil targets, as well as manipulate the turret-mounted sample processing hardware. The 5 degrees of freedom are provided by a set of rotary actuators known as the shoulder azimuth joint, the shoulder elevation joint, the elbow joint, the wrist joint, and the turret joint.The joints are connected by structural elements with long links connecting the shoulder and elbow joints (the upper arm link) and connecting the elbow and wrist joints (the forearm link). When fully extended straight ahead in the rover forward drive direction, the center of the turret of the robotic arm is 6 feet from the front of the rover body. At the end of the Robotic Arm is the turret structure on which 5 devices are mounted. The outer diameter of the turret plus the installed devices is approximately 2 feet. Two of these devices are the science contact instruments APXS and MAHLI. The remaining three devices are associated with sample acquisition and sample preparation function: the Powder Acquisition Drill System (PADS), Dust Removal Tool (DRT), and the Collection and Handling for Interior Martian Rock Analysis (CHIMRA). The robotic arm can meet its positioning requirements for targets inside a volume called the robotic arm work space. The work space volume is an upright cylinder approximately 31 inches in diameter, 39 inches high, positioned 41 inches in front of the front body of the rover, and extending to 8 inches below the surface when the rover is on a smooth flat terrain. Source: <a href="http://www.rockhounds.com/">RockHounds.com</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NgjQAizqRMs/UEJqkd9fWDI/AAAAAAAABRQ/em6kmaHeZ0c/s1600/cr31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NgjQAizqRMs/UEJqkd9fWDI/AAAAAAAABRQ/em6kmaHeZ0c/s200/cr31.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI). The hand lens is an essential tool of human geologists. Usually carried on a string around the neck, the hand lens helps a geologist in the field identify the minerals in a rock. The robotic geologist Curiosity will carry its own equivalent of the geologist's hand lens, the Mars Hand Lens Imager.MAHLI will provide earthbound scientists with close-up views of the minerals, textures, and structures in Martian rocks and the surface layer of rocky debris and dust. The self-focusing, roughly 4-centimeter-wide (1.5-inch-wide) camera will take color images of features as small as 12.5 micrometers, smaller than the diameter of a human hair. MAHLI employs both white light sources, similar to the light from a flashlight, and ultraviolet light sources, similar to the light from a tanning lamp, making the imager functional both day and night. The ultraviolet light will be used to induce fluorescence to help detect carbonate and evaporite minerals, both of which indicate that water helped shape the landscape on Mars. Source: <a href="http://www.rockhounds.com/">RockHounds.com</a>.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UYfTUdflF4M/UEJrz6krOAI/AAAAAAAABRY/rCmtIwyptD4/s1600/cr32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UYfTUdflF4M/UEJrz6krOAI/AAAAAAAABRY/rCmtIwyptD4/s200/cr32.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B000EKED6I" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</div>
(Right) Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite (SAM). The Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite takes up more than half the science payload on board the Curiosity rover and features chemical equipment found in many scientific laboratories on Earth. Sample Analysis at Mars will search for compounds of the element carbon, including methane, that are associated with life and explore ways in which they are generated and destroyed in the Martian ecosphere.Actually a suite of three instruments, including a mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph, and tunable laser spectrometer, Sample Analysis at Mars will also look for and measure the abundances of other light elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, that are associated with life.The mass spectrometer will separate elements and compounds by mass for identification and measurement. The gas chromatograph will heat soil and rock samples until they vaporize, and will then separate the resulting gases into various components for analysis. The laser spectrometer will measure the abundance of various isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in atmospheric gases such as methane, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. These measurements will be accurate to within 10 parts per thousand.<span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Source: </span><span style="text-align: left;">RockHounds.com</span><span style="text-align: justify;">.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1TqOHSwDXUw/UEKNoM0xr5I/AAAAAAAABUE/dCLdWtAXjKw/s1600/cr45.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1TqOHSwDXUw/UEKNoM0xr5I/AAAAAAAABUE/dCLdWtAXjKw/s320/cr45.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Left) The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument, largest of the 10 science instruments for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, will examine samples of Martian rocks, soil and atmosphere for information about chemicals that are important to life and other chemical indicators about past and present environments.NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., built SAM. The instrument actually includes three different laboratory instruments for analyzing chemistry, plus mechanisms for handling and processing samples. SAM will examine gases from the Martian atmosphere, as well as gases that ovens and solvents pull from powdered rock and soil samples. This schematic illustration shows major components of the microwave-oven-size instrument, which was installed into the mission's rover, Curiosity, in January 2011. Credit: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html">NASA.gov</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jlps6Tu0ssQ/UEJsYjlzO9I/AAAAAAAABRg/-N8L0WwpEWw/s1600/cr33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Jlps6Tu0ssQ/UEJsYjlzO9I/AAAAAAAABRg/-N8L0WwpEWw/s200/cr33.jpg" width="179" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">(Left)</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span>The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), is one of the first instruments sent to Mars specifically to prepare for future human-safe exploration. The size of a small toaster or six-pack of soda, RAD will measure and identify all high-energy radiation on the Martian surface, such as protons, energetic ions of various elements, neutrons, and gamma rays. That includes not only direct radiation from space, but also secondary radiation produced by the interaction of space radiation with the Martian atmosphere and surface rocks and soils. <span style="text-align: justify;">Source: </span>RockHounds.com<span style="text-align: justify;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uxqC0Xkz7ag/UEKG62rdCTI/AAAAAAAABTE/FwTqxL4B_Es/s1600/cr41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uxqC0Xkz7ag/UEKG62rdCTI/AAAAAAAABTE/FwTqxL4B_Es/s320/cr41.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;">(Up)</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span>JPL Scientists inspect the test rover.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m1UNUXvggUQ/UEJugInWQZI/AAAAAAAABRs/egb8WzXdbMs/s1600/cr34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m1UNUXvggUQ/UEJugInWQZI/AAAAAAAABRs/egb8WzXdbMs/s320/cr34.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) In the high bay of the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility (PHSF) at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, spacecraft technicians transfer the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission onto the aft of the Curiosity rover (upside down at right) for a fit check with the aid of the MMRTG integration cart. The MMRTG then will be removed and installed on the rover for launch at the pad. (NASA/Cory Huston).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0SVyeE_Soog/UEJvQx6BVYI/AAAAAAAABR0/YeKGqwDiyt8/s1600/cr35.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0SVyeE_Soog/UEJvQx6BVYI/AAAAAAAABR0/YeKGqwDiyt8/s320/cr35.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the rover Curiosity sits near the spacecraft's backshell (right), and the rocket-powered descent stage (center). (NASA/Jim Grossmann).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cNUrVSQ2unQ/UEJxbGqB-fI/AAAAAAAABR8/YhFV6rSNAM8/s1600/cr36.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cNUrVSQ2unQ/UEJxbGqB-fI/AAAAAAAABR8/YhFV6rSNAM8/s200/cr36.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B00008WFWM" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe></div>
(Right) JPL engineers prospecting Curiosity's wheels after installation. Six new wheels were installed onto the rover on June 28 and 29, in the Spacecraft Assembly Facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., where the rover is being assembled. The Detailed image of Mars Science Laboratory Rover's wheel with tread pattern which will leave an impression on the Martian surface spelling "JPL" in morse code (·--- ·--· ·-··). These wheels are 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter, making them larger than the wheels of a car. Each wheel has its own motor, giving the rover independent six-wheel drive. The rover can swerve and turn in place a full 360 degrees. The suspension system is based on the "rocker-bogie" system, which was used on the Spirit and Opportunity rovers and the earlier Pathfinder missions. This system allows the rover can roll over large rocks and dips without tipping over. The rover can also climb steep hills, up to 45 degrees. Curiosity's wheels have "cleats," similar to those soccer players have on their shoes, which provide grip and prevent the rover from slipping while going over rocks or climbing up hills of soft sand.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L0kw9bh7JSA/UEKLrByJm1I/AAAAAAAABT0/UrRBAH40wbc/s1600/cr43.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L0kw9bh7JSA/UEKLrByJm1I/AAAAAAAABT0/UrRBAH40wbc/s320/cr43.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
(Left) This image shows NASA's Mars Science Laboratory heat shield, and a spacecraft worker at Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver. It is the largest heat shield ever built for descending through the atmosphere of any planet. <a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA JPL</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj1mArd8sPw/UEKMwU6pHmI/AAAAAAAABT8/eqmzjRKVUD0/s1600/cr44.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj1mArd8sPw/UEKMwU6pHmI/AAAAAAAABT8/eqmzjRKVUD0/s320/cr44.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
(Left) Built at Lockheed Martin's Denver facility, the heat shield on the Mars Science Laboratory’s aeroshell is the ‘wind’ facing side during entry of the capsule. Because of its large size, the heat shield is subjected to approximately 105,000 pounds of compressive force distributed across its surface.The MSL Entry Descent and Landing Instrumentation (MEDLI) suite on the heat shield (pictured) will measure heat shield temperatures, surface recession and atmospheric pressures as the aeroshell descends through the Martian atmosphere. MEDLI was developed by NASA Langley Research Center and NASA Ames Research Center.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PyYVbRjFAdQ/UEJzGwvz-bI/AAAAAAAABSE/MXuNjxCz450/s1600/cr37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PyYVbRjFAdQ/UEJzGwvz-bI/AAAAAAAABSE/MXuNjxCz450/s320/cr37.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) At the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, integration is complete between the rocket-powered descent stage and Curiosity (tucked beneath), is complete and everything wrapped up for launch. (NASA/Kim Shiflett).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e1-lHmnZLNQ/UEJzlN3xudI/AAAAAAAABSM/3gN5JGTxm0Y/s1600/cr38.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e1-lHmnZLNQ/UEJzlN3xudI/AAAAAAAABSM/3gN5JGTxm0Y/s320/cr38.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) In October of 2011, the camera captures a unique view of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, as a technician separates the overhead crane from the cruise stage after it was lifted onto a rotation stand. The cruise stage provides solar power, thrusters for navigation, and heat exchangers to the rover during its nine-month flight from Earth to Mars.(NASA/Glenn Benson).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uClxlyZBlpA/UEJ0ITsqPKI/AAAAAAAABSU/_n6pXGnx1DI/s1600/cr39.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uClxlyZBlpA/UEJ0ITsqPKI/AAAAAAAABSU/_n6pXGnx1DI/s320/cr39.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(Right) In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians inspect beneath NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission aeroshell, (containing the rover Curiosity), which has been mated to the cruise stage. (NASA/Glenn Benson).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-W1nk-ZZumfI/UEKHvj6-GLI/AAAAAAAABTM/_EhsGtG59vg/s1600/cr42.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-W1nk-ZZumfI/UEKHvj6-GLI/AAAAAAAABTM/_EhsGtG59vg/s320/cr42.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
(Right) In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians work beneath NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission aeroshell, (containing the compact car-sized rover Curiosity), and putting their almost final touches which has been mated to the cruise stage. The cruise stage provides solar power, thrusters for navigation, and heat exchangers to the rover during its flight from Earth to Mars. <a href="http://www.redorbit.com/">redOrbit</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TxieVBBPc1o/UEKSiWkiWnI/AAAAAAAABU0/gyYNf7HaYmg/s1600/cr47.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TxieVBBPc1o/UEKSiWkiWnI/AAAAAAAABU0/gyYNf7HaYmg/s320/cr47.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) As NASA JPL & MSL engineers expected when they designed the software, it operates as it should be, passing from one software-stage to another, the rover finally landed safely on Mars Surface with almost 100% operation capability. The image shows a detailed high definition exploded view of the Mars lander.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9TpOSrhY8n0/UEJ1ZxJt9dI/AAAAAAAABSc/rbPvd5VQIlk/s1600/cr40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9TpOSrhY8n0/UEJ1ZxJt9dI/AAAAAAAABSc/rbPvd5VQIlk/s320/cr40.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Exploded view of the five major stages of the MSL spacecraft: <b>1</b> Cruise stage, <b>2</b> Backshell, <b>3</b> Descent stage, <b>4</b> Rover(Curiosity), <b>5</b> Heatshield, <b>6</b> Parachute. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WeriVkmeZlc/UP3fgMgv74I/AAAAAAAABj4/esnemhFP_eo/s1600/curiosity-mars-investigations-120726d-02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WeriVkmeZlc/UP3fgMgv74I/AAAAAAAABj4/esnemhFP_eo/s320/curiosity-mars-investigations-120726d-02.jpg" width="127" /></a></div>
Rover Probes Mars for Habitability<br />
Credit: <a href="http://www.space.com/">Space.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
End of Part 2..</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/curiosity-mission-in-pictures-before.html">Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 1: The Build</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/09/curiosity-mission-in-pictures-part-3.html">Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 3: Launch Prepare & Take Off</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/history-of-solar-system-buried-on-moon.html">History of Solar System Buried on the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/planets-without-stars-wonders-galaxy.html">Planets Without Stars, Wanders Galaxy Alone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/05/listening-to-black-holes.html">Listening to black holes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-57170870209571884962012-08-31T00:19:00.003+02:002013-02-06T05:36:07.892+02:00Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 1: The Build<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o8NVCRM7TCI/UD-k1BGHTkI/AAAAAAAABHs/Hz0dRLazqCs/s1600/cr0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="157" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o8NVCRM7TCI/UD-k1BGHTkI/AAAAAAAABHs/Hz0dRLazqCs/s200/cr0.jpg" width="200" /></a>
NASA's new rover "Curiosity" will take Mars exploration to an entirely new level of discovery, with state of the art advanced payload of scientific equipment to even a whole new landing tactics, crawling the red planet surface searching for potential habitat of "life" and the ability of the planet to have human beings living on the surface, there is no doubt the car sized rover promises a strong push to humanity's expectations.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QLcP_J4gAHE/UD-tAgNos0I/AAAAAAAABIM/EwBBYwVIAF0/s1600/cr1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QLcP_J4gAHE/UD-tAgNos0I/AAAAAAAABIM/EwBBYwVIAF0/s400/cr1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Viking lander, Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity Compared to the new Curiosity.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0EGeuMQ5ps/UD-zmQ2gzaI/AAAAAAAABIs/Ifu7-SWeUMk/s1600/cr2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Y0EGeuMQ5ps/UD-zmQ2gzaI/AAAAAAAABIs/Ifu7-SWeUMk/s320/cr2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) The Main MSL rover, Curiosity, on May 26, 2011, in Spacecraft Assembly Facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y3Np68Ogo3Q/UD_Dm_37ElI/AAAAAAAABKM/Wkk46JaiJRY/s1600/cr3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y3Np68Ogo3Q/UD_Dm_37ElI/AAAAAAAABKM/Wkk46JaiJRY/s320/cr3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Layout of the rover, showing it's primary navigation and science gadgets which gather information</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
for studying the climate and geology of the planet.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AbSjsSnVZNw/UD_FKhsuBAI/AAAAAAAABKU/ukFAk2laj1Q/s1600/cr4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="317" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AbSjsSnVZNw/UD_FKhsuBAI/AAAAAAAABKU/ukFAk2laj1Q/s320/cr4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Another layout of the rover.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8uDZKXgJd-k/UD_Icu-LhgI/AAAAAAAABK4/T4SSJlfbtfo/s1600/cr5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8uDZKXgJd-k/UD_Icu-LhgI/AAAAAAAABK4/T4SSJlfbtfo/s320/cr5.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Right) The cost of the entire project was just about $2.5bn (USD). The cost include the design, rover build, control center, and finally the launch. The total cost compared to some of the major worldwide mega projects are shown in this image.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QPGu84lV4Bs/UD_MjcEqNkI/AAAAAAAABLc/Ec3Njpaz8ZA/s1600/cr6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QPGu84lV4Bs/UD_MjcEqNkI/AAAAAAAABLc/Ec3Njpaz8ZA/s320/cr6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) A group watching motions of an engineering model of the camera mast for NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on March 5, 2010, includes moviemaker James Cameron (right). Cameron is a member of the camera team for the mission. Others present in the In Situ Instrument Laboratory of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., are, from left, JPL Director Charles Elachi; Mars Science Laboratory Project Scientist John Grotzinger; Mars Science Laboratory Project Manager Pete Theisinger; and Michael Ravine of Malin Space Science Systems, the San Diego company providing the Mast Camera and two other science instruments for the mission. <a href="http://theneteconomy.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Source here</a>.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PrdOkvjy2uE/UEKR1eawOnI/AAAAAAAABUs/etnVHclldY8/s1600/cr46.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PrdOkvjy2uE/UEKR1eawOnI/AAAAAAAABUs/etnVHclldY8/s320/cr46.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
(Up) A CAD model of the rover, this is what Curiosity looks like to an engineer.<br />
<br /></div>
<center>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B00008WFWM" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe><iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B000EKED6I" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</center>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WFd11e1WBfM/UD_OBO2gY0I/AAAAAAAABLk/v2GiaQ5yIaQ/s1600/cr7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WFd11e1WBfM/UD_OBO2gY0I/AAAAAAAABLk/v2GiaQ5yIaQ/s320/cr7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) Test driving the test-rover for steep hills and land features, to be prepared for the rough terrain it will encounter on the red planet.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jM0ZQhtTnNQ/UD_QuFVSBCI/AAAAAAAABMI/10Qfv1cRAP8/s1600/cr8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jM0ZQhtTnNQ/UD_QuFVSBCI/AAAAAAAABMI/10Qfv1cRAP8/s320/cr8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Right) A couple of scientists inspecting the test-rover, which build exactly the same as the main rover, it sees all the tests instead of the brand new rover that will be activated on the way to Mars, just before it's landing.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iKBIVzhqr8M/UD_UjfJ3LSI/AAAAAAAABMs/We47v3DvnfA/s1600/cr9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iKBIVzhqr8M/UD_UjfJ3LSI/AAAAAAAABMs/We47v3DvnfA/s320/cr9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The parachute for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory passed flight-qualification testing in March and April 2009 inside the world's largest wind tunnel, at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. In this image, an engineer is dwarfed by the parachute, the largest ever built to fly on an extraterrestrial flight. It is designed to survive deployment at Mach 2.2 in the Martian atmosphere, where it will generate up to 65,000 pounds of drag force. The parachute has 80 suspension lines, measures more than 50 meters (165 feet) in length, and opens to a diameter of nearly 16 meters (51 feet). (NASA/Ames Research Center/JPL).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GAg0YqfPtkA/UD_WVahVvDI/AAAAAAAABM0/BFnO6ETXKqY/s1600/cr10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GAg0YqfPtkA/UD_WVahVvDI/AAAAAAAABM0/BFnO6ETXKqY/s320/cr10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) MSL's parachute is the main source of atmospheric drag. It's a 64.7 foot (19.7 meter) disk-gap-band style chute deployed by a mortar. The main disk is a dome-shaped canopy with a hole in the top to relieve the air pressure. A gap below the main canopy also lets air vent out to prevent the canopy from rupturing. Under the gap is a fabric band designed to increase its lateral stability by controlling the direction of incoming air.It's not easy testing this important piece of hardware on Earth since Mars' atmosphere is one percent as thick and its gravity is only a third as strong.Simulating these conditions on Earth is possible but expensive, so much so that any high altitude hypersonic tests were deemed prohibitively expensive early on in the MSL development process. So JPL engineers broke the parachute's job into stages that could be tested individually: mortar deployment, canopy inflation, inflation strength, supersonic performance, and subsonic performance. Luckily, NASA had data on high-altitude hypersonic parachute tests from the late 1960s for parachutes exactly the size of MSL's. <a href="http://news.discovery.com/" target="_blank">Source here</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MXWANmGPGx8/UD_YoN_EI1I/AAAAAAAABM8/pe_WfwhE6d4/s1600/cr11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MXWANmGPGx8/UD_YoN_EI1I/AAAAAAAABM8/pe_WfwhE6d4/s320/cr11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Right) NASA's next Mars rover, Curiosity, takes its first, brief test drive in a Jet Propulsion Lab clean room on July 23, 2010. "It's gone from designs on napkins to PowerPoint, to CAD drawings, to blueprints, and now it's a rover," Ashwin Vasavada, deputy project scientist, said in a NASA interview. "This is really one of the big milestones...It sort of blows your mind to look at this thing and see something that's going to be on Mars one day."</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HdX4zActmik/UD_aAzvrxoI/AAAAAAAABNE/rNEBSR0oLjo/s1600/cr12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HdX4zActmik/UD_aAzvrxoI/AAAAAAAABNE/rNEBSR0oLjo/s320/cr12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Researchers prepare for a test of the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument that will fly on NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission. The instrument uses a pulsed laser beam to vaporize a pinhead-size target, producing a flash of light from the ionized material - plasma - that can be analyzed to identify chemical elements in the target. In this photo taken at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, researchers are preparing the instrument's mast unit for a laser firing test. The ChemCam mast unit, which holds the instrument's telescopic camera as well as its laser, was later installed on the remote sensing mast of the mission's Mars rover, Curiosity. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L9HBcYGoQE0/UD_amMAnNUI/AAAAAAAABNM/5jOOhkvR8JA/s1600/cr13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L9HBcYGoQE0/UD_amMAnNUI/AAAAAAAABNM/5jOOhkvR8JA/s320/cr13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) The ChemCam instrument for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission uses a pulsed laser beam to vaporize a tiny target on this mineral sample, producing a flash of light from the ionized material that can be analyzed to identify chemical elements in the target. Here, ChemCam Principal Investigator Roger Wiens, of Los Alamos National Laboratory, observes the light from a plasma ball induced by the laser hitting a sample rock from a distance of about 3 meters (10 feet). (NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DRgVsfdO92k/UD_bAGAgtEI/AAAAAAAABNU/2sa1lICtLvE/s1600/cr14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DRgVsfdO92k/UD_bAGAgtEI/AAAAAAAABNU/2sa1lICtLvE/s320/cr14.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) A closeup of Curiosity's "head" atop the remote sensing mast. Instruments on the mast include two science instruments for studying the rover's surroundings and two stereo navigation cameras for use in driving the rover and planning rover activities. This photo was taken April 4, 2011, inside the Spacecraft Assembly Facility at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena, California, For scale, the width of the white box at the top is about 0.4 meter (16 inches). The circle in the white box is the laser and telescope of an instrument named Chemistry and Camera, or ChemCam. The instrument can pulse its laser at a rock up to about 7 meters (23 feet) away and determine the rock's composition by examining the resulting spark with the telescope and spectrometers. Just below that circle is the square opening for a wide-angle camera that is paired with a telephoto camera (the smaller square opening to the left) in the rover's Mast Camera, or Mastcam, which can take high-definition, full-color video with both "eyes." Each of the two Mastcam camera heads has a wheel of filters that can be used for studying geological targets at specific visible-light and infrared wavelengths. Farther outward from each of the Mastcam cameras are circular lens openings for the rover's stereo navigation camera and its backup twin. (NASA/JPL-Caltech).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x0Vhcsn7gyM/UD_bcMxlWVI/AAAAAAAABNc/NLfNinmN0uY/s1600/cr15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x0Vhcsn7gyM/UD_bcMxlWVI/AAAAAAAABNc/NLfNinmN0uY/s320/cr15.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) The hand lens imager is mounted on the arm of NASA's Mars rover Curiosity at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, on April 4, 2011. The imager will take extreme close-up pictures of the planet's rocks and soil, as well as any ice it may find there. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7gQHRskukzM/UD_cKHVcD1I/AAAAAAAABNk/MDJwk2KemBU/s1600/cr16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7gQHRskukzM/UD_cKHVcD1I/AAAAAAAABNk/MDJwk2KemBU/s320/cr16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Right) NASA's Mars rover Curiosity ChemCam has already test fired its laser over 500 times before launch, as it studies its surroundings as engineers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) calibrate its sensors.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZCBlZB0AFs/UD_dEcYi3xI/AAAAAAAABNs/Ej804iL9TQY/s1600/cr17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZCBlZB0AFs/UD_dEcYi3xI/AAAAAAAABNs/Ej804iL9TQY/s320/cr17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) "REMS booms". Wind speed and direction will be derived based on information provided by three two-dimensional wind sensors on each of the booms. The three sensors are located 120 degrees apart around the boom axis. Each of them will record local speed and direction in the plane of the sensor. The convolution of the 12 data points will be enough to determine wind speed as well as pitch and yaw angle of each boom relative to the flow direction. The requirement is to determine horizontal wind speed with 1 m/sec accuracy in the range of 0 to 70 m/sec, with a resolution of 0.5 m/sec. The directional accuracy is expected to be better than 30 degrees. For vertical wind the range is 0 to 10 m/sec, and the accuracy and resolution are the same as for horizontal wind. <i><b>Update</b></i>: unfortunately one of the wind speed sensors broke somehow while landing, scientists say that the other sensor can work alone, but they will have to reconsider wind direction readings from only one "boom" which will be a bit tricky - but possible of course.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y1KECFyJYdc/UD_f4s_-VNI/AAAAAAAABOQ/X8fC8uW-zB0/s1600/cr18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y1KECFyJYdc/UD_f4s_-VNI/AAAAAAAABOQ/X8fC8uW-zB0/s320/cr18.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Detailed image of Curiosity's robotic arm, this tool is one of it's key systems. The 6.2-foot (1.88-m) arm has five degrees of movement and sports a formidable "hand" that weighs 73 pounds (33.11 kg). This hand is more properly referred to as a "turret" and contains a remarkable tool kit. The tools include a drill for boring into rocks and collecting powdered samples; an Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS); a sample processing subsystem called the Collection and Handling for In-Situ Martian Rock Analysis (CHIMRA), which is a sort of glorified scoop; the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), which is a digital magnifying glass; and, the Dust Removal Tool (DRT), a kind of high-tech brush for sweeping dust off of rocks.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A5IYUTyMjyY/UD_il8oa0FI/AAAAAAAABO0/bmwuMqtKn3A/s1600/cr19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A5IYUTyMjyY/UD_il8oa0FI/AAAAAAAABO0/bmwuMqtKn3A/s320/cr19.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Right) Diagram showing the turret-mounted devices on the end of the robotic arm: drill, brush, soil scoop, sample processing device (sieves, portioners), and the two contact science instruments, APXS and MAHLI. The devices are connected to the arm by the component shown in red on the underside of this drawing. <a href="http://jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">Source</a>.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-63elQKIANRM/UD_jZBhSP-I/AAAAAAAABO8/8hdmHVrSIUk/s1600/cr20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-63elQKIANRM/UD_jZBhSP-I/AAAAAAAABO8/8hdmHVrSIUk/s320/cr20.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) Components of Curiosity's Sample Acquisition, Processing and Handling (SA-SPaH) subsystem and where they are located on the rover.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aSuW52ETzZc/UD_jv6tSwPI/AAAAAAAABPE/CkB70uSD6wY/s1600/cr21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aSuW52ETzZc/UD_jv6tSwPI/AAAAAAAABPE/CkB70uSD6wY/s320/cr21.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Preparation for one phase of testing of the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity. The testing during March 2011 in a 25-foot-diameter (7.6-meter-diameter) space-simulation chamber was designed to put the rover through operational sequences in environmental conditions similar to what it will experience on the surface of Mars. In this March 8, 2011, image, Curiosity is fully assembled with all primary flight hardware and instruments. The test chamber's door is still open. After the door is closed, a near-vacuum environment can be established, and the chamber walls flooded with liquid nitrogen for chilling to minus 130 degrees Celsius (minus 202 degrees Fahrenheit). A bank of powerful lamps simulates sunshine on Mars. The technician in the picture is using a wand to map the solar simulation intensities at different locations in the chamber just prior to the start of the testing. The space-simulation chamber is at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. (NASA/JPL-Caltech).</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DZ_By7gW2Eg/UD_kNfUoiuI/AAAAAAAABPM/WdRQAEBRKVc/s1600/cr22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DZ_By7gW2Eg/UD_kNfUoiuI/AAAAAAAABPM/WdRQAEBRKVc/s320/cr22.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Right) In the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, spacecraft technicians from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory park the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission on its support base in the airlock during an MMRTG fit check on the Curiosity rover. The MMRTG will generate the power needed for the mission from the natural decay of plutonium-238, a non-weapons-grade form of the radioisotope. Heat given off by this natural decay will provide constant power through the day and night during all seasons. The 43kg MMRTG is designed to produce 125 watts of electrical power at the start of the mission, falling to about 100W after 14 years. (NASA/Kim Shiflett).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_y81IhEw_1Q/UP3sZy_3whI/AAAAAAAABq0/IbtCV80oUAw/s1600/nuclear-battery-rtg-msl-curiosity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_y81IhEw_1Q/UP3sZy_3whI/AAAAAAAABq0/IbtCV80oUAw/s320/nuclear-battery-rtg-msl-curiosity.jpg" width="137" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(Up) Atomic battery for deep space missions. Credit: <a href="http://www.space.com/">Space.com</a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AK4_P-EAgO4/UD_lFxsxwcI/AAAAAAAABPU/rqzCVFVk3f4/s1600/cr23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AK4_P-EAgO4/UD_lFxsxwcI/AAAAAAAABPU/rqzCVFVk3f4/s320/cr23.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(Left) Curiosity gets her power from a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) supplied by the U.S. Department of Energy. This generator is essentially a nuclear battery that reliably converts heat into electricity. It consists of two major elements: a heat source that contains plutonium-238 dioxide and a set of solid-state thermocouples that convert the plutonium’s heat energy to electricity.It contains 4.8 kilograms (10.6 pounds) of plutonium dioxide as the source of the steady supply of heat used to produce the onboard electricity and to warm the rover's systems during the frigid Martian night. Curiosity's systems need to be kept warmer than -40 Celsius. Radio-isotope thermoelectric generators have enabled NASA to explore the solar system for many years. The Apollo missions to the moon, the Viking missions to Mars, and the Pioneer, Voyager, Ulysses, Galileo, Cassini and New Horizons missions to the outer solar system all used radioisotope thermoelectric generators. The multimission radioisotope thermoelectric generator is a new generation designed to operate on planetary bodies with an atmosphere, such as Mars, as well as in the vacuum of space. In addition, it is a more flexible modular design capable of meeting the needs of a wider variety of missions as it generates electrical power in smaller increments, slightly more than 110 watts. The design goals for the multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator include ensuring a high degree of safety,optimizing power levels over a minimum lifetime of 14 years, and minimizing weight.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--kFYGAdxmWU/UP3myP0XXbI/AAAAAAAABog/gqjmODP_zhA/s1600/mars-exploration-history.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--kFYGAdxmWU/UP3myP0XXbI/AAAAAAAABog/gqjmODP_zhA/s320/mars-exploration-history.jpg" width="129" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Every 26 months there is an opportunity to send a vehicle from Earth to the planet Mars along an efficient, low-energy trajectory. The trip can take six months or more. Probes to Mars often fail; as of July 2012, the success rate was 47 percent. The Soviet Union was first to attempt to send unmanned space probes to Mars. Several failed, but in 1971 the lander Mars 2 became the first object from Earth to reach the surface of the Red Planet. Unfortunately Mars 2 crashed rather than landing softly. Its sister probe, Mars 3, did manage to land on Dec. 2, 1971. The Mars 3 lander transmitted data for a few seconds before falling silent. The first truly successful Mars surface probes were the Viking 1 and 2 landers, sent from the United States, which touched down in 1976. The landers gathered soil samples for analysis using their robotic arms, and they thoroughly photographed the area surrounding their landing sites. Another milestone was reached in 1997, when the Mars Pathfinder was landed by the United States. Pathfinder released a tiny remote-controlled rover, called Sojourner, which explored the Martian surface for nearly three months before contact was lost. Credit: <a href="http://www.space.com/">Space.com</a></span></div>
<br />
End of Part 1..<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">,, </span>Please consider paying a visit to my <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"> ,,</span></i></blockquote>
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/09/curiosity-mission-in-pictures-part-2.html">Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 2: The Build</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/09/curiosity-mission-in-pictures-part-3.html">Curiosity Mission in Pictures, Part 3: Launch Prepare & Take Off</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/08/mars-dust-twister-cleaning-surface.html" target="_blank">Mars dust twister cleaning surface</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/starter-models-for-beginners.html" target="_blank">Starter Telescope Models for Beginners</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/what-is-god-particle.html" target="_blank">What is the God Particle</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/05/listening-to-black-holes.html">Listening to black holes</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-60726261623868301782012-08-14T21:42:00.001+02:002012-08-14T21:43:07.689+02:00Mars dust twister cleaning surface<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a3jda6JKw_Y/UCqXEpXgRDI/AAAAAAAABG4/15IFdvaQRV4/s1600/mrstor0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a3jda6JKw_Y/UCqXEpXgRDI/AAAAAAAABG4/15IFdvaQRV4/s320/mrstor0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
NASA's <a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/index.cfm?ShowLandingPage=No" target="_blank">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>, which has been circling the Red Planet since 2006, captured some martian spring cleaning February 16 in the Amazonis Planitia region on the northern part of the planet.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera looked on, a spinning column of air some 30 yards or meters in diameter lofted freshly deposited soil more than a half-mile (800m) in the air.<br />
Like on Earth, such dust devils form when heated air near the surface rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler air above it and begins to rotate if conditions are just right.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
NASA released the above image, which covers an area 2,113 feet (644m) across, March 7.</div>
<br />
<b>More images of the same phenomena:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6LJoa_mviSw/UCqYAyLVK1I/AAAAAAAABHA/GUXsyXpbEVw/s1600/mrstor1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6LJoa_mviSw/UCqYAyLVK1I/AAAAAAAABHA/GUXsyXpbEVw/s1600/mrstor1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NlhKy_xJyyg/UCqYEZJJZ3I/AAAAAAAABHI/4SLQ39TCPMI/s1600/mrstor2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NlhKy_xJyyg/UCqYEZJJZ3I/AAAAAAAABHI/4SLQ39TCPMI/s320/mrstor2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/1Nnog3lEerU" width="560"></iframe></center>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>You may also like:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/05/pyramid-texts.html">The Pyramid Texts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/01/food-in-ancient-egypt.html">Food in ancient Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/extremely-rare-meteorite-found-in.html">Extremely rare Meteorite found in Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-27179069446093607672012-08-14T19:45:00.003+02:002012-09-25T01:45:58.374+02:00Rectangular Galaxies, a new type or just an optical illusion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-epbsAD2IF_c/UCqMtChagXI/AAAAAAAABGY/CSK5eBMua9c/s1600/recglx0.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-epbsAD2IF_c/UCqMtChagXI/AAAAAAAABGY/CSK5eBMua9c/s200/recglx0.JPG" width="169" /></a>Is there new types of galaxies that's not discovered yet? of course there are, the universe is a massive playground, but what about this one. According to a May 10 paper in The Astrophysical Journal, astronomers have found a "rectangular-looking" galaxy some 68 million light-years away in Eridanus the River.
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Astronomers typically classify galaxies by their shapes, using three general categories - ellipsoidal, disk-like, and irregular. But the odd shape of the new galaxy, dubbed LEDA 074886, doesn't seem to fit any of these groups .</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It's one of those things that just makes you smile because it shouldn't exist, or rather, you don't expect it to exist," says lead author Alister Graham of Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The unusual shape is possibly the result of a collision between two spiral galaxies. Such a scenario would have flung the stars of each outward to form the rectangular shape, while the galaxies' gas sank to the center, producing the dark disk there. This discovery should help astronomers better model galactic formation and evolution.</div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/07/saturn-hq-wallpapers-and-pictures.html">Saturn HQ Wallpapers and Pictures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/03/astro-3d-images.html">Astro 3D images</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/07/astronaut-hq-wallpapers-and-pictures.html">Astronaut HQ Wallpapers and Pictures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/top-10-space-weapons.html">Top 10: Space Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/10/when-giant-black-holes-collide.html">When Giant Black Holes Collide</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/09/what-happens-when-galaxies-collide.html">What happens when galaxies collide?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/08/sunspot-sharpest-view-yet-in-visible.html">Sunspot: Sharpest View Yet in Visible Light</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-58079908236779297242012-05-09T17:04:00.005+02:002012-06-06T00:48:04.896+02:00The Mystery of Hindu Statues Drinking Milk<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IEsMnGUufiQ/T6qGEbB_M8I/AAAAAAAABD0/bEFL_JFlSko/s1600/hsdm0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IEsMnGUufiQ/T6qGEbB_M8I/AAAAAAAABD0/bEFL_JFlSko/s200/hsdm0.jpg" width="149" /></a><span style="text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">On 21st September 1995, reports started to come out of New Delhi of Hindu statues drinking milk. Worshipers were offering spoonfuls of the substance as a sacred gift, and the symbolic carvings of Lord Shiva and Ganesha were actually consuming it. Queues built up around temples, and the local authorities had to increase the city's milk supply by 100,000 liters because of a shortage. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Skeptics immediately suggested it was a case of mass hallucination, or that the porous quality of the statues that created the phenomenon. Others said the milk was just being spilt, but the ground around the statues did not hold anywhere near the amount of milk that was being offered.Certainly, those who came had no doubts that it was a true miracle, and as Indian communities heard about the phenomenon,other reports about similar events appeared across the world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By the next day, Hindu worshipers were standing in long lines outside London temples, eager to offer the statues milk.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Anila Premji was one lady who waited during the night to attend the Vishwa temple in Southall, west London, to offer a spoonful to a marble figure of Nandi, a bull ridden by Shiva. 'I held the spoon out level,and the milk just disappeared,' she said. At the main Swaminarayan temple in London,the situation was so busy that authorities were refusing entry to people bringing their own milk cartons.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zE45Vd0K2S0/T6qGL96x8OI/AAAAAAAABEE/tNTDQL2R2Bk/s1600/hsdm1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zE45Vd0K2S0/T6qGL96x8OI/AAAAAAAABEE/tNTDQL2R2Bk/s320/hsdm1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Canada, Germany and the United States the miracles were continued. Hindu worshipers at Chatsworth Hindu Temple in California also reported milk being accepted by their idols. Stories were run by Reuters,CNN, the BBC and most of the world’s major newspapers. Despite sceptics giving scientific explanations, the devoutly religious said it was a sign of God. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nb5No5iuSc0/T6qGJTAiTCI/AAAAAAAABD8/RodQB4Ac6Es/s1600/Lord+Shiva+with+Moon+&+Serpent2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nb5No5iuSc0/T6qGJTAiTCI/AAAAAAAABD8/RodQB4Ac6Es/s320/Lord+Shiva+with+Moon+&+Serpent2.jpg" width="231" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Even those Hindu worshippers who did not regularly attend the temples witnessed the events and said they felt a reassured sense of an almighty power protecting them. Perhaps that is the point. No matter what practical explanations are advanced, sometimes ares urgent faith in a divine presence is a great comfort for those who want to believe.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>You may also like:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/05/pyramid-texts.html">The Pyramid Texts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/01/food-in-ancient-egypt.html">Food in ancient Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/extremely-rare-meteorite-found-in.html">Extremely rare Meteorite found in Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-much-junk-is-in-space.html">How Much Junk is in Space</a></li>
</ul>
</div>Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-858884132678328872012-05-02T20:22:00.001+02:002012-06-05T05:28:16.644+02:00The Pyramid Texts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ka0CwhnmTlM/T6F3f4rtdSI/AAAAAAAABDE/TPe35SYqUV0/s1600/1tx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ka0CwhnmTlM/T6F3f4rtdSI/AAAAAAAABDE/TPe35SYqUV0/s200/1tx.jpg" width="200" /></a>The Pyramid Texts are the oldest of the three principal collections of Egyptian funerary literature. 19 They are also among the earliest religious writings known from anywhere in the world. The texts are divided into sections; each is preceded by an Egyptian phrase meaning "words to be spoken" but sometimes translated as "spell" or "incantation." These incantations can be as short as a single sentence or many paragraphs long..</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The pyramid of King Weni contains around 300 incantations, but more than 800 are currently known. Pyramid Texts have been found in the pyramids of five Old Kingdom kings and three queens. No two pyramids have exactly the same selection. No illustrations accompany the Pyramid Texts, though the ceilings of royal burial chambers were usually decorated with stars. Many hieroglyphic signs consist of images of living creatures. In the writing of the Pyramid Texts, potentially harmful creatures such as snakes, scorpions, and some kinds of birds and people are often shown dismembered or skewered with knives.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This suggests that there was a strong fear of the latent power of images during this period. The texts themselves seem to have been adapted from a variety of genres, such as hymns, lists of divine names and epithets, spells from the type of magic used in daily life, and the "recitations" that accompanied ritual actions. Many were composed in the first person and would have been highly dramatic when spoken or chanted aloud. Some of the incantations may have been passed down orally for many generations and only written down when the Pyramid Texts were first assembled.<br />
<br />
The majority of the texts probably belong to the "secret knowledge" written on leather or papyrus rolls, which is known to have been kept in the libraries attached to some Old Kingdom palaces and temples. The composing, copying, and reading out of these sacred books were the province of a special class of priests, known as 'lector' priests. No actual books of this kind have survived from the Old Kingdom, and they are rare from later periods too. No major temple library has ever been discovered intact, and this gap is one of many in the sources for Egyptian myth.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kub1cQyMF0I/T6F40qNgJdI/AAAAAAAABDc/MfAhtWar5pI/s1600/5xt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kub1cQyMF0I/T6F40qNgJdI/AAAAAAAABDc/MfAhtWar5pI/s200/5xt.JPG" width="140" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">A section of the Pyramid Texts in the antechamber of the pyramid of King Weni. The antechamber represented the Akhet, the place where the dead king would be transformed and rise again like the sun above the horizon. (Courtesy of Princeton University)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The main purpose of assembling these texts and inscribing them inside pyramids was to help the body of the deceased king to escape the horror of putrefaction and his spirit to ascend to the celestial realm where he would take his place among the gods. Some of the texts were probably recited during theking’s funeral or as part of the mortuary cult that continued after his death.Others may have been intended to be spoken by the deceased king as he entered the afterlife. In this type of incantation, the king took on the role of many different deities.Around 200 deities are mentioned in the Pyramid Texts.<br />
<br />
Some are the major deities already known from cult temples, such the fertility god Min and the creator goddess Neith. Others are entities such as snake deities and celestial ferrymen who inhabit a complex and intensely imagined realm of the gods. The most frequently mentioned deities are Anubis, Atum, Geb, Horus, Isis, Nephthys, Nut, Osiris, Ra, Seth, Shu, and Thoth (see "Deities, Themes,and Concepts").<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5pZUiHsQJoo/T6F4NaoRZAI/AAAAAAAABDM/KODlGl2-3QA/s1600/3xt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5pZUiHsQJoo/T6F4NaoRZAI/AAAAAAAABDM/KODlGl2-3QA/s320/3xt.jpg" width="224" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These include most of the deities who make up the Ennead of Heliopolis, and it is often argued that the Pyramid Texts largely represent the theology of the solar temple at Heliopolis. A stellar element was also important in the Pyramid Texts. The king was destined to join the "imperishable stars," and the god Osiris was identified with the constellation of Orion and the goddess Isis with the Dog Star, Sirius. 20 The cult of Osiris is hardly known before the Fifth Dynasty, but he gradually became the most important funerary god.One thing the Pyramid Texts are not is a collection of narrative myths.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
They do contain numerous allusions to myths, many of which are difficult to interpret. Some passages include what have been called "mythical statements." These give the bare outlines of an event that has taken place in the divine realm, such as "Horus comes and Thoth appears.<br />
<br />
They raise up Osiris from upon his side and make him stand erect in front of the two Enneads. "21Many of the most important themes of Egyptian mythology, such as the journey of the sun god in his solar barque, the murder of the good god Osiris,and the violent conflict between Horus and Seth, are already present in the Pyramid Texts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These texts are also the earliest source for the complex array of myths and symbols that the Egyptians constructed on the theme of creation. The gods as depicted in the Pyramid Texts often seem violent, hostile, and terrifying beings, and this is a consistent picture in Egyptian funerary texts.</div>
<br />
<br />
<center><iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=0195170245" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</center>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Near the end of the Sixth Dynasty, sections of the Pyramid Texts began to be used in the tombs of important but non royal people in various parts of Egypt. This has been seen as one of the symptoms of a breakdown of royal authoritythat led to the fall of the Old Kingdom. 22 In the twenty-second century BCE, Egypt entered a time of disunity, which historians call the First Intermediate Period. There were still kings ruling from Memphis, but they did not control the whole country.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AR0puDY6hao/T6F4YMjUzdI/AAAAAAAABDU/kHrawlg_iCU/s1600/4xt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AR0puDY6hao/T6F4YMjUzdI/AAAAAAAABDU/kHrawlg_iCU/s200/4xt.jpg" width="138" /></a>A rival dynasty emerged from a place called Herakleopolis. One of these kings was traditionally credited with writing the remarkable work known as the Teaching for King Merikare.<br />
This text mentions a brutal civil war in which the king had been involved. Later Egyptian literature generally portrayed the First Intermediate Period as a time of chaos and misery when the gods had withdrawn their blessing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Only one First Intermediate Period king had a pyramid inscribed with Pyramid Texts, but they continued to be used in some private burials. 23 A group who benefited from the relaxation of royal authority was the nomarchs (provincial governors).<br />
<br />
These nomarchs had close ties with their local temples, and it was probably among the priesthood of these temples that an innovative new body of funerary texts began to develop.<br />
The independence of the nomarchs and the period of disunity were brought to an end in the late twenty-first century BCE by a king called Nebhepetra Montuhotep (Mentuhotep), who came from the southern city of Thebes.<br />
<br /></div>
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/12/what-are-types-of-galaxies.html">What are the types of galaxies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/history-of-solar-system-buried-on-moon.html">History of Solar System Buried on the Moon</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-87926358413211461262012-04-20T00:08:00.001+02:002013-02-06T05:36:34.910+02:00What's the mystery about the Sphinx<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6BbScdmsMRA/T5CDi5TigTI/AAAAAAAABB0/yVVucEBf3Tg/s1600/mots0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6BbScdmsMRA/T5CDi5TigTI/AAAAAAAABB0/yVVucEBf3Tg/s200/mots0.jpg" width="200" /></a>Sphinx, one of the icons of Egypt, it is a mythical beast usually with the head of a king - occasionally a queen or the head of a ram - and the body of a lion. The most famous is the "Great Sphinx" at Giza plateau near Cairo, which is carved from an outcropping of rock in the funerary complex of King Chephren (Khafre, 2558–2532 B.C.).</div>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The great sphinx represents “Horus of the Horizons,” the sun god when he rises in the east. It is believed that the face of the great sphinx is a likeness of Chephren. While a sphinx is not a god, it is the embodiment of royal power, and in the case of the ram-headed sphinxes at Karnak temple, the power of the king is closely associated with the god (Amun). The Egyptian sphinx is viewed as male and charitable, although it sometimes represents the king smiting his enemies. The Greek sphinx, in contrast, is shown as female and "malevolent". In fact, in ancient Greek the word sphinx meant “strangler.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Sphinx at Giza faces due east and is referred to in some Egyptian hieroglyphics as "Hamachis", the god of the rising Sun. Later, Hamachis evolved into the name Hor-em-Akhet. The akhet is an Egyptian hieroglyph in the image of two triangles, both open at the base, connected by a line,which represents where the sun rises and sets - an image that comes to life when looking out from the Sphinx to the pyramids of Cheops and Cephren at sunset on the summersolstice. As the Sun sets between the pyramids, it highlights the image of two triangles(the pyramids) connected by a line (the earth). The Sphinx has the head of a man in Egyptian headdress sporting a spiraling beard, a feature found on many likenesses of pharaohs. It has the body of a lion, with two paws resting beneath the head and chest, and it rises 66 feet(~20 meters) high, the "leonine" body at rest behind stretches for 240 feet(~73 meters).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6A6oom4iidc/T5CF2pqVflI/AAAAAAAABCM/6x1zJDmEOVU/s1600/4207091207_155ef8a680_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6A6oom4iidc/T5CF2pqVflI/AAAAAAAABCM/6x1zJDmEOVU/s320/4207091207_155ef8a680_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M6s-ruQkwyM/T5CF3Pu9YsI/AAAAAAAABCQ/Aa4XzOxixMI/s1600/akhet_small1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M6s-ruQkwyM/T5CF3Pu9YsI/AAAAAAAABCQ/Aa4XzOxixMI/s1600/akhet_small1.gif" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OE4PrLKRY14/T5CD7bxx7uI/AAAAAAAABB8/T12PiVnOOyQ/s1600/akhet2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="89" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OE4PrLKRY14/T5CD7bxx7uI/AAAAAAAABB8/T12PiVnOOyQ/s320/akhet2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">In ancient Egyptian, the place where the sun rises and sets; often translated as "horizon" or "mountain of light". It is included in names like "Akhet Khufu" (Ancient Egyptian name for the Great Pyramid) and Akhetaten. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">Wikipedia</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Sphinx, the largest surviving statue from the ancient world, was sculpted out of a large limestone bedrock, a stone soft enough to yield to copper chisels and stone hammers, common ancient Egyptian tools. The distinctive limestone bedrock has bands of yellowish clay - the same kind of distinctive stone that appears in many of the blocks used to form the nearby pyramids. It is generally believed that after the limestone bedrock was quarried for stone used for the pyramids, the remaining block was sculpted into the Sphinx. A sudden, 50-foot(~15 meters) drop not far from the Sphinx might indicate an area that was quarried for the pyramids.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="float: right; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=6305462534" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</div>
It is commonly believed that the Sphinx was sculpted during the same era as the pyramids were built (about 2650 to 2550 B.C.E.). According to a traditional historical view, the Sphinx has been most often associated with the Pharaoh Khafre (2558–2532 B.C.E.), who is represented by - and is presumably buried in - the second largest of the three pyramids at Giza. At least two statues of "Khafre" have been found that bear a striking resemblance to the face of the Sphinx. Egyptian religion hadtaken on Sun worship shortly before Khafre's reign, and since pharaohs were viewed as god kings, the association of Khafre and Hamachis is plausible. Tools and pottery discovered around the Sphinx are associated with the Fourth Dynasty, when each of the pyramid builders of Giza ruled. Nevertheless, the dating of the Sphinx remains a source of controversy, and even in ancient times, some sources dated it as preceding the pyramids.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Greek mythology developed over two thousand years after the Egyptian use of hieroglyphics, a sphinx was a half-woman, half-lioncreature that guarded the gates of "Thebes", an ancient Egyptian city. A scourge fell upon the land that could only be lifted by solving a riddle posed by the sphinx: What begins life on four legs, lives most of its life on two legs, and ends life on three legs? In Oedipus the King, a play by the Greek dramatist Sophocles (c.496–406 B.C.E.), the title character solves the riddle with the answer "a human," for an infant crawls on four legs before it begins to walk on two legs, then as an aged person, he or she walks with the use of a cane, or a third leg.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rHM2yG8vZ_U/T5CFjLHRgeI/AAAAAAAABCE/jMlwotTy-Mc/s1600/mots1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rHM2yG8vZ_U/T5CFjLHRgeI/AAAAAAAABCE/jMlwotTy-Mc/s320/mots1.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">Limestone cannot be dated by modern techniques</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">such as radiocarbon dating.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1967, Herbert Ricke of the Swiss Archaeological Institute uncovered a temple at the foot of the Sphinx. Niches in the temple form sanctuaries dedicated to the rising and setting of the Sun, and a colonnade court in the temple features 24 pillars, which Ricke suggested represents the 24 hours in a day.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Sphinx, in Ricke's opinion, represents the Sun god that peers into the sanctuaries of the temple. The temple is situated on an east-west axis that points to the spring and autumn equinoxes. A second temple, constructed more than a thousand years later, is oriented toward the winter solstice. At the time the later temple was built, the Sphinx was buried up to its neck in sand and was called Hor-em-Akhet. The Sphinx itself forms an image of the akhet hieroglyphic when approached directly from Memphis, capital city during the Fourth Dynasty, when the pyramids and the Sphinx are believed to have been built. On the path from Memphis, the Sphinx appeared silhouetted between two pyramids.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LIkWjQ92kNU/T7VlHKcNG7I/AAAAAAAABEQ/J-YFl577GT4/s1600/Gerome_Bonaparte_before_the_Sphinx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LIkWjQ92kNU/T7VlHKcNG7I/AAAAAAAABEQ/J-YFl577GT4/s320/Gerome_Bonaparte_before_the_Sphinx.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">Jerome-Napoleon Bonaparte before the Sphinx</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="float: left; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B001HB1K32" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe>
</div>
The question of the age of the Sphinx was renewed during the end of the twentieth century. An article in Omni magazine (August1992) detailed the work of Robert M. Schoch, a geologist whose research demonstrated that the limestone core of the Sphinx dates from 5000 B.C.E. and indicated that granite facing was added at the conventional time when the Sphinx is dated, around 2500 B.C.E. Schoch attributes the extremely weathered look of the Sphinx to erosion that began with heavy rains from the period between 5000 B.C.E. to 3000B.C.E. Schoch's dating is based solely on geological evidence, rather than information from hieroglyphics or other histories.<br />
<br />
E. A. Wallis Budge, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, and John Anthony West all wrote extensively on the monuments at Giza, and all date the Sphinx before the pyramids. West promotes a theory that an advanced, pre-Egyptian civilization was responsible for the Sphinx. He believes that much of the weathering took place because of rains and flood. West points to the period around 9000B.C.E., when the end of the Ice Age may well have affected weather patterns. A great flood, perhaps the one recounted in the biblical story of Noah, affected the Sphinx, and afterward all the structures at Giza show erosion by wind and the slow but steady encroachment of desert.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t7oYvESDuMs/T5CGZhxtDMI/AAAAAAAABCc/cydMQ5DyjHg/s1600/mots2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t7oYvESDuMs/T5CGZhxtDMI/AAAAAAAABCc/cydMQ5DyjHg/s320/mots2.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">René Adolphe Schwaller de Lubicz (1887 – 1961), born René Adolphe Schwaller in Alsace-Lorraine, was a French occultist and student of sacred geometry known for his 15-year study of the art and architecture of the Temple of Luxor in Egypt and his subsequent book The Temple In Man.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Schoch, a science professor specializing in geology at Boston University, was hired by West to explore the erosion of the Sphinx from a geological standpoint. During his first trip to Giza, Schoch noticed extreme erosion in two temples located in front of the Sphinx. Where the granite covering of the temples had slipped off, the exposed limestone beneath was extremely weathered. The granite facing suggested to Schoch that the Sphinx was restored, not constructed, during the reign of Khafre.Subsequent studies led Schoch to conclude that the Sphinx was constructed in stages and that the structure has undergone several restorations. The head and part of the body were originally carved as far back as 5000B.C.E. The body was completed and the face restored by chiseling away weathered limestone during Khafre’s reign. However, pushing the original date of the Sphinx to 5000 B.C.E. and attributing its erosion primarily to water creates problems, for that time period predates the development of mastabas, tombs that were built before the pyramids during the period between 5000 B.C.E. and 3000 B.C.E. and that show no signs of weathering because of water. Schoch's findings have been widely disputed by other geologists.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JoAsbEsFqz4/T5CHh0gyrzI/AAAAAAAABCk/3bHnlaSvXP0/s1600/mots4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JoAsbEsFqz4/T5CHh0gyrzI/AAAAAAAABCk/3bHnlaSvXP0/s320/mots4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since the limestone cannot be dated by modern techniques (radiocarbon dating can only be used to determine the age of things that were once animated), the age of the Sphinx continues to be considered in the context of other monuments, and the date of 2500 B.C.E. still holds weight among Egyptologists. Reconstruction is apparent, but evidence shows that a renovation occurred around 1500 B.C.E. as ordered by Thutmose IV, who had the Sphinx rescued from being buried by desert sand.John Anthony West argues that the Sphinx was created by refugees from Atlantis, the legendary continent that was supposedly destroyed around 9500 B.C.E. Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval, coauthors of The Orion Mystery (1994), credit wanderers from an advanced civilization that once thrived on the continent of Antarctica before it was frozen over during a global catastrophe at the end of the last Ice Age. Cataclysmic floods, they say, wiped out the connection of the Sphinx with an ancient, advanced civilization. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Psychic Edgar Cayce (1877–1945) prophesied that answers to the mysteries of the Sphinx and ancient civilizations would someday be yielded by the Sphinx. According to Cayce, a secret passageway leads from one of the Sphinx's paws to its right shoulder where there exists a Hall of Records that contains the wisdom of a lost civilization and the history of the world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gth96NQyh9s/T5CIBWCx8ZI/AAAAAAAABCs/5sSTHjddWnI/s1600/geologicallayers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gth96NQyh9s/T5CIBWCx8ZI/AAAAAAAABCs/5sSTHjddWnI/s320/geologicallayers.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">Geological structure of the Sphinx.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L3cquKhXkio/T5CIf6qVytI/AAAAAAAABC0/1EW0ZGR2OTE/s1600/mots3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L3cquKhXkio/T5CIf6qVytI/AAAAAAAABC0/1EW0ZGR2OTE/s320/mots3.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">A detailed map of <span style="text-align: justify;">Giza plateau near Cairo showing the Pyramids, Sphinx and the nearby tombs.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ebCe3VlN0hs/T5CIhVHU_bI/AAAAAAAABC8/-PFaG_XeM5Q/s1600/mots5map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ebCe3VlN0hs/T5CIhVHU_bI/AAAAAAAABC8/-PFaG_XeM5Q/s320/mots5map.gif" width="259" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;">A map shows the Sphinx and it's temple.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">,, </span>Please consider paying a visit to my <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"> ,,</span></i></blockquote>
<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></i>
<b>Related Posts:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-nazca-lines.html">What are Nazca Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/12/what-are-types-of-galaxies.html">What are the types of galaxies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/04/is-this-alien-planet.html">Is This an Alien Planet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/history-of-solar-system-buried-on-moon.html">History of Solar System Buried on the Moon</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-27233813557373551592012-03-14T01:47:00.002+02:002012-06-03T18:14:21.689+02:00Astro 3D images<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZisAvW4bnb8/T1_WOpnQI8I/AAAAAAAAA_I/NzdvWY5y1SI/s1600/A11RGB.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZisAvW4bnb8/T1_WOpnQI8I/AAAAAAAAA_I/NzdvWY5y1SI/s320/A11RGB.GIF" width="311" /></a></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">Anaglyph image of Moon Craters</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VKOCnjrR-g8/T1_WYepH09I/AAAAAAAAA_Q/EZTbexejjMQ/s1600/A2AS.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VKOCnjrR-g8/T1_WYepH09I/AAAAAAAAA_Q/EZTbexejjMQ/s320/A2AS.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Astronaut on moon stereo 3D</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JFP6yxQK_Pc/T1_WkABuoNI/AAAAAAAAA_Y/gN72wisdXHk/s1600/E03-2016_FHA-451anglyph_50p.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JFP6yxQK_Pc/T1_WkABuoNI/AAAAAAAAA_Y/gN72wisdXHk/s320/E03-2016_FHA-451anglyph_50p.jpg" width="114" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Mars 3D Image</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QZJ7_5uTPw0/T1_WlOmZ7vI/AAAAAAAAA_g/pdLGg_fg9sw/s1600/Jan_1_00_40_02_34_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QZJ7_5uTPw0/T1_WlOmZ7vI/AAAAAAAAA_g/pdLGg_fg9sw/s320/Jan_1_00_40_02_34_1996_rb.jpg" width="274" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YAZL9Adee5k/T1_WmS145bI/AAAAAAAAA_o/nQERM08B3Lg/s1600/Nov_7_10_22_19_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YAZL9Adee5k/T1_WmS145bI/AAAAAAAAA_o/nQERM08B3Lg/s320/Nov_7_10_22_19_1996_rb.jpg" width="304" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kcrXV8KAcwc/T1_WnnHJa_I/AAAAAAAAA_w/xB9k9JqsZqc/s1600/Nov_7_12_57_00_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kcrXV8KAcwc/T1_WnnHJa_I/AAAAAAAAA_w/xB9k9JqsZqc/s320/Nov_7_12_57_00_1996_rb.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image<br />
<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<br />
<center><iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS2=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B004HN2U7W" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe><br />
</center></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jUZ6vMFtHX4/T1_WopeCY-I/AAAAAAAAA_4/3Gsyl2ysDHo/s1600/Nov_7_13_49_26_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jUZ6vMFtHX4/T1_WopeCY-I/AAAAAAAAA_4/3Gsyl2ysDHo/s320/Nov_7_13_49_26_1996_rb.jpg" width="288" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p_06a5ICXYI/T1_WprxOw2I/AAAAAAAABAA/fFjeIM26wuw/s1600/Nov_8_10_56_04_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p_06a5ICXYI/T1_WprxOw2I/AAAAAAAABAA/fFjeIM26wuw/s320/Nov_8_10_56_04_1996_rb.jpg" width="288" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kHYjOo7VIeE/T1_WsdF34BI/AAAAAAAABAI/RsvM3D7OS0g/s1600/Nov_8_15_31_50_1996_ana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="76" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kHYjOo7VIeE/T1_WsdF34BI/AAAAAAAABAI/RsvM3D7OS0g/s320/Nov_8_15_31_50_1996_ana.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oK2S6V-hKN4/T1_WtjIqHLI/AAAAAAAABAQ/-Cb77GC3ilw/s1600/Nov_8_15_31_50_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="72" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oK2S6V-hKN4/T1_WtjIqHLI/AAAAAAAABAQ/-Cb77GC3ilw/s320/Nov_8_15_31_50_1996_rb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="text-align: center;">Mars 3D Image</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tMaxAKx-xP4/T1_WvQIpr_I/AAAAAAAABAY/Owi6APZu9_I/s1600/Nov_9_08_46_37_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tMaxAKx-xP4/T1_WvQIpr_I/AAAAAAAABAY/Owi6APZu9_I/s320/Nov_9_08_46_37_1996_rb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I7gxP28h0To/T1_WwVk4V4I/AAAAAAAABAg/3moSP_kISbs/s1600/Nov_9_10_35_21_1996_rb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="63" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I7gxP28h0To/T1_WwVk4V4I/AAAAAAAABAg/3moSP_kISbs/s320/Nov_9_10_35_21_1996_rb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gae30mKg6g0/T1_WyPKYp2I/AAAAAAAABAo/jhdzQtjMELE/s1600/Oct_30_14_red_blue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="52" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gae30mKg6g0/T1_WyPKYp2I/AAAAAAAABAo/jhdzQtjMELE/s320/Oct_30_14_red_blue.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mars 3D Image<br />
<br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<center><iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS2=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B00288KNJU" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe><br />
</center><center><br />
</center></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZfwnmvUYokM/T1_W13I4PhI/AAAAAAAABAw/ltwVu9sT1Fs/s1600/bigcrater_stereo_mgs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZfwnmvUYokM/T1_W13I4PhI/AAAAAAAABAw/ltwVu9sT1Fs/s320/bigcrater_stereo_mgs.jpg" width="319" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="text-align: center;">Mars Crater 3D Image</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-toWSq2mSiz8/T1_W2wQ_QMI/AAAAAAAABA4/oDoRfhty0CY/s1600/jup3dclouds_gal_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-toWSq2mSiz8/T1_W2wQ_QMI/AAAAAAAABA4/oDoRfhty0CY/s320/jup3dclouds_gal_big.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> False Color 3D image of Jupiter storm</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JlPnRDCQJyQ/T1_W8nTiieI/AAAAAAAABBI/qbmnZz2JMQ0/s1600/sat3d_voyager_big.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JlPnRDCQJyQ/T1_W8nTiieI/AAAAAAAABBI/qbmnZz2JMQ0/s320/sat3d_voyager_big.gif" width="309" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Saturn 3D image taken from voyager space prob</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Wqsi5c1fKg/T1_W93B0eiI/AAAAAAAABBQ/Ry7mcvk8Qm8/s1600/stereoeros1_near_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Wqsi5c1fKg/T1_W93B0eiI/AAAAAAAABBQ/Ry7mcvk8Qm8/s320/stereoeros1_near_big.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Asteroid</span> EROS 3D image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<div><ul><li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/07/saturn-hq-wallpapers-and-pictures.html">Saturn HQ Wallpapers and Pictures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/07/astronaut-hq-wallpapers-and-pictures.html">Astronaut HQ Wallpapers and Pictures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/top-10-space-weapons.html">Top 10: Space Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/10/when-giant-black-holes-collide.html">When Giant Black Holes Collide</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/09/what-happens-when-galaxies-collide.html">What happens when galaxies collide?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/08/sunspot-sharpest-view-yet-in-visible.html">Sunspot: Sharpest View Yet in Visible Light</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/01/food-in-ancient-egypt.html">Food in ancient Egypt</a></li>
</ul><div><br />
</div><div>Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div></div></div>Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-82808294316634692742012-01-20T23:10:00.003+02:002012-06-05T05:28:16.641+02:00Food in ancient Egypt<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1PDXcOsRFkI/Txl_u4nBz8I/AAAAAAAAA-A/8WF_kQPQEpc/s1600/anegfd0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1PDXcOsRFkI/Txl_u4nBz8I/AAAAAAAAA-A/8WF_kQPQEpc/s320/anegfd0.jpg" width="159" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The ancient Egyptians were known for their skills of producing food and for their healthy cuisines, bread and beer were the main staples of the ancient Egyptian diet. They were made from the two major cereals cultivated in Dynastic Egypt, emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. Hexastichum). Tomb scenes of baking and brewing are known, as are three-dimensional models of these activities.</div><br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">At Giza 4th-Dynasty bakeries have been excavated, and real bread has been preserved in some Predynastic and later burials. Bread was made from flour ground on grinding stones and mixed with water that was then kneaded and left to rise. The dough could be shaped in a flat loaf or baked in ceramic molds. Potsherds from bread molds are often found in the remains of ancient settlements.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Delwen Samuel, a paleoethnobotanist at the Cambridge University, has studied residues of ancient Egyptian beer from jars. According to her analyses, most household beer was made from barley in a two-part process. Brewing was done by sprouting(malting) one batch of barley and then mixing it in water with another batch that had been malted and heated. The mixture was then sieved and it fermented in jars. This type of beer was highly nutritious, with complex carbohydrates, sugars, and B vitamins.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
Alfred Lucas, a chemist who studied ancient Egyptian materials, describes another technique of beer making that he observed, as practiced by present-day Nubians in Egypt, and various techniques may have been used in ancient times. For bouza, the Nubians make a dough of ground wheat with added yeast. The dough is then lightly baked and broken up. To ferment, moist ground wheat that has been exposed to the air is mixed with the bread pieces. After fermentation the mixture is sieved.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3scVggYRfaA/TxnJTEezW6I/AAAAAAAAA-I/ETl3esd1TPQ/s1600/anegfd1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3scVggYRfaA/TxnJTEezW6I/AAAAAAAAA-I/ETl3esd1TPQ/s1600/anegfd1.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;">Barley was used to make beer. The barley was combined with yeast and made into a dough which was part-baked in a stone oven. It was then crumbled into a large vat, mixed with water and allowed to ferment before being flavoured with dates or honey. Recent evidence suggests that barley malt may also have been used in the process.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were raised in pharaonic Egypt, the major source of animal protein for most people was fish, including Nile perch, catfish, and mullets. Beef was used as offerings in temples, and would have been consumed by priests and persons of high status. Geese were domesticated, providing both meat and eggs. The chicken, which originated in southeast Asia, is not well attested in Egypt until Persian times.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wWocDMyiK9g/TxnJ8ZH1MdI/AAAAAAAAA-Q/MwqM_1YQQtA/s1600/anegfd2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="273" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wWocDMyiK9g/TxnJ8ZH1MdI/AAAAAAAAA-Q/MwqM_1YQQtA/s320/anegfd2.jpg" width="320" /></a>Wild animals were also hunted for their meat, but as human habitation expanded in the lower Nile Valley populations of wild mammals declined or disappeared.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Wild cattle, addax, antelope, hartebeest, gazelle, ibex, Barbary sheep, and oryx were found in the desert, as were ostriches. (Other desert fauna included lions and hyenas, which were not hunted for food.) In pharaonic times many of these desert fauna were hunted for sport by royalty and nobles; hunting dogs similar to the greyhound were used for this.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hippopotamuses were found in the Egyptian Nile in prehistoric times and may have been hunted for food (and the ivory of their canines), but they were also hunted because they could be very destructive in cultivated fields. The crocodile is another Nile living animal that was hunted because of its danger to humans. The Nile Valley was also a major corridor for migratory fowl, some of which were hunted for food (especially species of duck and geese) using nets or throw sticks.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A number of vegetables were consumed by the ancient Egyptians, including onions, lettuce, radishes, and garlic, and types of cucumber, leek, and squash/gourd. The tubers of river plants, including papyrus, were also eaten, as were lotus seeds. Legumes such as chickpeas, peas, fava beans, and lentils provided protein as well.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w8_bTuU5dHg/TxnKkP1xRlI/AAAAAAAAA-Y/pVfppPKzj1Y/s1600/anegfd3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w8_bTuU5dHg/TxnKkP1xRlI/AAAAAAAAA-Y/pVfppPKzj1Y/s320/anegfd3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;">The first photos show kitchen workers (tomb figures) baking bread on a fairly large scale. The man with the large staff and the one standing behind him are doing two steps in the process of grinding grain. Two bakers are at work kneading the dough, and the crouching figure at right is reaching towards a beehive-shaped oven. In the next scene, butchers and a cook are at work.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="float: right; margin: 0 10px 10px 0;"><iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS1=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=0816050341" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe></div>Dates from the date palm were the most plentiful fruit in ancient Egypt, but only after hand pollination was practiced. It is not known when this tree first arrived in Egypt, where it was not indigenous, unlike the dom palm, which has a bifurcated trunk and produces a large brown fruit. Figs (both the common fig and sycomore fig), persea, melon, watermelon, and wild Zizyphus berries were also consumed. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pomegranate and carob trees became more common in the New Kingdom. Grapes were grown not only to eat but also to make wine. Large jars of wine were provided for King Tutankhamen in his tomb and there are numerous tomb scenes of wine production.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9LOO45f-jF4/TxnMUuMnvoI/AAAAAAAAA-g/uFgV58uCZ8I/s1600/anegfd4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9LOO45f-jF4/TxnMUuMnvoI/AAAAAAAAA-g/uFgV58uCZ8I/s320/anegfd4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
Although there is evidence of olives in ancient Egypt, olive trees do not grow well in southern parts of the country, and olive oil was an imported luxury commodity. For sweetening, honey was produced in ceramic hives.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fenugreek was used as a spice and possibly after the seeds were removed the stems provided fodder for livestock. Coriander, cumin, and dill were available from the New Kingdom onward.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XZMk0cfBfGQ/TxnOy1bsMEI/AAAAAAAAA-o/1awZqsVzsMw/s1600/anegfd5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XZMk0cfBfGQ/TxnOy1bsMEI/AAAAAAAAA-o/1awZqsVzsMw/s320/anegfd5.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pJGhMFZyJEE/TxnPMaM0hjI/AAAAAAAAA-w/7tAdHfNrDDU/s1600/anegfd6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pJGhMFZyJEE/TxnPMaM0hjI/AAAAAAAAA-w/7tAdHfNrDDU/s320/anegfd6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">Sources: Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt by Kathryn A. Bard, Wikipedia and various references.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Related Articles:</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/whats-mystery-about-pyramids-of-giza.html">What's the Mystery about the Pyramids of Giza ?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-dead-mystery-and-secrets.html">Book of the Dead Mystery and Secrets</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/02/book-of-gates-in-egyptian-mythology.html">The Book of Gates in the Egyptian Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/01/crop-circles-history-and-theories.html">Crop Circles, History and Theories</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/planets-without-stars-wonders-galaxy.html">Planets Without Stars, Wanders Galaxy Alone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/09/history-of-solar-system-buried-on-moon.html">History of Solar System Buried on the Moon</a></li>
</ul><div><span style="text-align: justify;">Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</span> </div></div>Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5670929733005610699.post-77856093289782531822011-09-30T02:00:00.009+02:002013-02-06T05:36:57.095+02:00HQ Space Shuttle Pictures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LKGxHFz7kds/ToUIqWgydHI/AAAAAAAAA5g/JCr1LiEZZA0/s1600/wallpapers10.net-space-123.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657938030551528562" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LKGxHFz7kds/ToUIqWgydHI/AAAAAAAAA5g/JCr1LiEZZA0/s320/wallpapers10.net-space-123.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R4x0HWaI0LY/ToUIar3xt0I/AAAAAAAAA5Y/3gRGuc2wrnU/s1600/wallpapers10.net-space-76.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937761407186754" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R4x0HWaI0LY/ToUIar3xt0I/AAAAAAAAA5Y/3gRGuc2wrnU/s320/wallpapers10.net-space-76.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 211px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eU4DHqcElXM/ToUIafhY-vI/AAAAAAAAA5Q/A1hp6fjvI6Y/s1600/untitled6.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937758092065522" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eU4DHqcElXM/ToUIafhY-vI/AAAAAAAAA5Q/A1hp6fjvI6Y/s320/untitled6.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SoHyoTDzsZE/ToUIaHNgQ3I/AAAAAAAAA5I/LdvdT4CCluI/s1600/STS-31_Hubble_launch_roll_and_pitch.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937751566205810" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SoHyoTDzsZE/ToUIaHNgQ3I/AAAAAAAAA5I/LdvdT4CCluI/s320/STS-31_Hubble_launch_roll_and_pitch.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 256px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pJPrntnq0CM/ToUIZxbifCI/AAAAAAAAA5A/fSMrbSOWvs4/s1600/sts127-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937745719491618" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pJPrntnq0CM/ToUIZxbifCI/AAAAAAAAA5A/fSMrbSOWvs4/s320/sts127-3.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 242px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lzEuva7G1Ns/ToUIZjKEqfI/AAAAAAAAA44/TRsuoUCxhsk/s1600/SS_Discovery_Near_ISS1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937741888137714" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lzEuva7G1Ns/ToUIZjKEqfI/AAAAAAAAA44/TRsuoUCxhsk/s320/SS_Discovery_Near_ISS1.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z-Va46n_OMg/ToUH7ME6B4I/AAAAAAAAA4w/ZRDJLKja6lI/s1600/space-shuttle-discovery-launch-wallpaper.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937220296378242" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z-Va46n_OMg/ToUH7ME6B4I/AAAAAAAAA4w/ZRDJLKja6lI/s320/space-shuttle-discovery-launch-wallpaper.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 238px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=FFFFFF&IS2=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=asb02-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B0044M2OU4" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe></center>
<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RnmMitEciw8/ToUH64eso5I/AAAAAAAAA4o/_Z89iZfD3VM/s1600/Space-Shuttle-Columbia-1-15-2003.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937215035843474" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RnmMitEciw8/ToUH64eso5I/AAAAAAAAA4o/_Z89iZfD3VM/s320/Space-Shuttle-Columbia-1-15-2003.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J6i592BrLJQ/ToUH5UW8imI/AAAAAAAAA4g/Ylmh3V-lRhI/s1600/space-shuttle-challenger-in-orbit-1600x1200.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937188159785570" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J6i592BrLJQ/ToUH5UW8imI/AAAAAAAAA4g/Ylmh3V-lRhI/s320/space-shuttle-challenger-in-orbit-1600x1200.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-A8K3C50Etf4/ToUH5N5PABI/AAAAAAAAA4Y/qrHJkrEoLi0/s1600/shuttlepredawn_danforth_big.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937186424553490" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-A8K3C50Etf4/ToUH5N5PABI/AAAAAAAAA4Y/qrHJkrEoLi0/s320/shuttlepredawn_danforth_big.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wpLlHHB1At4/ToUH4sJF5sI/AAAAAAAAA4Q/porQbYFLIOE/s1600/NwfUx.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657937177364260546" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wpLlHHB1At4/ToUH4sJF5sI/AAAAAAAAA4Q/porQbYFLIOE/s320/NwfUx.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 214px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<center>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/b/ref=as_acph_cc_bf_111_1118?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=ur2&node=384082011&tag=asb02-20" target="_blank">Shop Amazon - Black Friday Deals Week</a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=asb02-20&l=ur2&o=1" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /></center>
<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RlX30nMBrdI/ToUHI6NOL3I/AAAAAAAAA4I/dDAWWFGNIJs/s1600/mark-staples-a4_1270471000.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657936356505956210" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RlX30nMBrdI/ToUHI6NOL3I/AAAAAAAAA4I/dDAWWFGNIJs/s320/mark-staples-a4_1270471000.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 214px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UX4YYnMx9sc/ToUHIsmkCQI/AAAAAAAAA4A/p0v6B2cqy2Q/s1600/152294main_Launch-lg.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657936352854149378" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UX4YYnMx9sc/ToUHIsmkCQI/AAAAAAAAA4A/p0v6B2cqy2Q/s320/152294main_Launch-lg.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 206px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KZ4dcF1ZcrE/ToUHIIUtzdI/AAAAAAAAA34/g2qBl68teZs/s1600/70093-004-12A4FF5A_original.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657936343115615698" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KZ4dcF1ZcrE/ToUHIIUtzdI/AAAAAAAAA34/g2qBl68teZs/s320/70093-004-12A4FF5A_original.gif" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 254px;" /></a><br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HuHLhiZxsmM/ToUHHymtmlI/AAAAAAAAA3w/OzhmLd8v6Pk/s1600/33-spaceshuttle.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657936337285519954" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HuHLhiZxsmM/ToUHHymtmlI/AAAAAAAAA3w/OzhmLd8v6Pk/s320/33-spaceshuttle.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 214px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/b/ref=as_acph_cc_bf_111_1118?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=ur2&node=384082011&tag=asb02-20" target="_blank">Shop Amazon - Black Friday Deals Week</a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=asb02-20&l=ur2&o=1" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" />
</center>
<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ec_tuIyeZ2w/ToUHHqCaYWI/AAAAAAAAA3o/P5Zs9t_iiKo/s1600/1_0.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657936334985781602" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ec_tuIyeZ2w/ToUHHqCaYWI/AAAAAAAAA3o/P5Zs9t_iiKo/s320/1_0.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 214px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><b><br /></b><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">,, </span>Please consider paying a visit to my <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/astromicbackyard_store-20" target="_blank">Amazon Store</a> if you want to support what I'm doing and keeps the blog running. I am sure you will find few great stuff there<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"> ,,</span></i></blockquote>
<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span></i>
<b>Related Posts:</b><br />
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mystery-about-sphinx.html">What's the mystery about the Sphinx</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/07/saturn-hq-wallpapers-and-pictures.html">Saturn HQ Wallpapers and Pictures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2012/03/astro-3d-images.html">Astro 3D images</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2011/07/astronaut-hq-wallpapers-and-pictures.html">Astronaut HQ Wallpapers and Pictures</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/06/dinosaur-dna-anyone.html">Dinosaur DNA, anyone?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/05/top-10-space-weapons.html">Top 10: Space Weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/10/when-giant-black-holes-collide.html">When Giant Black Holes Collide</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/09/what-happens-when-galaxies-collide.html">What happens when galaxies collide?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://astromic.blogspot.com/2010/08/sunspot-sharpest-view-yet-in-visible.html">Sunspot: Sharpest View Yet in Visible Light</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Do you like this article? please "Share" and "Like" it to spread the benefit :)...</div>
</div>
</div>
Mike Faridhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09544296471374086253noreply@blogger.com0